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Revision as of 15:24, 23 August 2025


Study
Detailed discussions and research on Bodhicitta and Śāntideva's works


Study The Core Texts

This curated selection represents essential texts for understanding the concept of bodhicitta within the Indian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions. The resource serves as both a scholarly repository and pedagogical tool, with planned expansions scheduled for 2025 and 2026 to include additional critical texts and research materials. As of August 2025, this comprehensive resource presents extensive scholarship on Śāntideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra and the Śikṣāsamuccaya, featuring both contemporary research and classical texts in multiple languages. The collection prioritizes the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra as the primary focus, with substantial coverage of the Śikṣāsamuccaya and supplementary materials on related works. Regular updates to the website will expand the coverage of the concept of bodhicitta with important texts such the Bhāvanākrama and Bodhisattvabhūmi, and others listed below.

 
The Mahāyāna Concept of Bodhicitta
Bodhicitta (Sanskrit: बोधिचित्त), commonly translated as the "awakening mind" or "enlightenment mind," represents the altruistic aspiration to attain complete buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings and stands as the foundational principle of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This concept fundamentally transformed Buddhist soteriology by shifting the spiritual ideal from individual liberation to universal salvation, making it perhaps the most distinctive development in Mahāyāna thought. Our comprehensive exploration traces bodhicitta's historical emergence from early Buddhist sources, examines its systematic development through Indian scriptural and scholastic traditions, and follows its transmission and distinctive elaboration across the major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
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One of the most famous Buddhist texts of all time. Written by the ancient Indian Buddhist scholar and adept Śāntideva.
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Śāntideva's only other major known text, A Compendium of Training, is like a companion to the Bodhicaryāvatāra and deals extensively with the motivation and practice of the bodhisattva.
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Bodhisattvabhūmi (རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པའི་ས་ལས་བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་ས།)
Ārya Asaṅga’s Bodhisattvabhūmi, or The Stages of a Bodhisattva, is the Mahāyāna tradition’s most comprehensive manual on the practice and training of bodhisattvas.
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Bodhicittavivaraṇa (བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་ཀྱི་འགྲེལ་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ།)
A compendium of Mahāyāna theory and practice, intended for bodhisattvas, both monastic and lay, organized around the theme of bodhicitta. Traditionally ascribed to the great Nāgārjuna.
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Bhāvanākrama (བསྒོམ་པའི་རིམ་པ།)
Kamalaśīla's Stages of Meditation focuses on wisdom (prajñā) and sets forth the process of cultivating bodhicitta and then developing śamatha and vipaśyanā and progressing through the bodhisattva stages to buddhahood.
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Atiśa Dīpaṃkara's The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment, emphasizing a gradual approach to training the bodhisattva, became a prototype for the genre of Tibetan religious literature known as lamrim, or stages of the path.
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Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva (རྒྱལ་སྲས་ལག་ལེན་སོ་བདུན་མ།)
Tokmé Zangpo's essential reading for all bodhisattva's-to-be.
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Seven Points of Mind Training Commentary (བློ་སྦྱོངས་དོན་བདུན་མ།)
Read Tokmé Zangpo's commentary on The Seven Points of Mind Training and other core texts in the lojong genre.
Mind Training Landing Page

Overviews of Śāntideva's Works

The Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra and the Śikṣāsamuccaya are Śāntideva's core texts for any would-be bodhisattva. While the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra is one of the most popular of all Buddhist texts today, the Śikṣāsamuccaya is somewhat less well-known and deserving of further study.

Bodhicaryāvatāra
In-Depth Chapter Overviews

This comprehensive resource provides a detailed, chapter-by-chapter analysis of Śāntideva's The Way of the Bodhisattva (Bodhicaryāvatāra), one of the most influential texts in Mahāyāna Buddhist literature. Each chapter features scholarly essays that examine Śāntideva's teachings through the lens of key Buddhist concepts, supported by extensive academic resources, relevant links, and multimedia content. The material is organized according to the traditional Tibetan framework of generating, protecting, and perfecting bodhicitta, offering students a structured approach to understanding this foundational work on the bodhisattva path.
 
Generating Bodhicitta
The opening chapters of the Bodhicaryāvatāra focus on cultivating bodhicitta. Śāntideva presents this compassionate intention as the essential foundation of the bodhisattva path.
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Protecting Bodhicitta
In chapters 4-6, Śāntideva emphasizes that once this awakened heart of bodhicitta is cultivated, it must be protected with the same care one would guard a priceless jewel.
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Perfecting Bodhicitta
These chapters reveal how diligence, meditative concentration, and wisdom work together to transform compassionate intention into the fully realized bodhicitta of a bodhisattva.
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Dedication
The Bodhicaryāvatāra ends with a concluding prayer, in which Śāntideva makes a dedication for the benefit of others, for the benefit of oneself, and for the flourishing of the teachings.
Chapter Ten

Śikṣāsamuccaya
In-Depth Chapter Overviews

An extensive, in depth, chapter-by-chapter exploration of Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya, The "Compendium of Training". There are twenty-seven stanzas in the root text, and each of the stanzas is elaborated upon in a prose commentary by the Śāntideva himself. Around 100 early Sanskrit texts are cited in support of the commentary, which makes it an important source for understanding how eight-century Indian Mahāyāna authors thought about sutra sources and provides amazing intertextual interconnections, a kind of window into the larger world of Mahāyāna source material. We present here one way that the Tibetan commentarial tradition organizes the nineteen chapters of the text into the topics of Giving, Protecting, Purifying, and Enhancing.
 
Giving
Chapter 1 of The Compendium of Training discusses the first of four activities that make up the practice of a bodhisattva—giving one's body, possessions, and virtues to all sentient beings.
Chapter 1
 
Protecting
Longer essays on Śikṣāsamuccaya: Protecting Content coming soon. Please be patient.
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Purifying
Longer essays on Śikṣāsamuccaya: Purifying Content coming soon. Please be patient.
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Enhancing
Longer essays on Śikṣāsamuccaya: Enhancing Content coming soon. Please be patient.
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The Sgom Lugs Tradition

The sgom lugs (meditation tradition) was a significant contemplative tradition in Tibetan Buddhism that developed a unique approach to studying and practicing the Bodhicaryāvatāra, Śāntideva's classic eighth-century text on the bodhisattva path.

The sgom lugs approach emphasized the meditative implementation of the Bodhicaryāvatāra rather than purely scholastic analysis. Its practitioners were known for integrating the text's teachings—particularly on bodhicitta (awakened mind), śamatha (calm abiding), and vipaśyanā (insight meditation)—directly into their contemplative practice.

This tradition was especially prominent in the 11th-13th centuries during the later spread of Buddhism in Tibet, with notable practitioners in the Kadam and early Kagyu lineages. The sgom lugs teachers developed distinctive meditation manuals and techniques for embodying the Bodhicaryāvatāra's core ethical and philosophical principles, especially those found in the patience, meditation, and wisdom chapters.

What distinguished the sgom lugs approach was its experiential focus—treating the Bodhicaryāvatāra not merely as a philosophical text to be analyzed, but as a practical guidebook for transformation through meditation and daily application.

This section traces the development of this tradition and the lives and works of the prominent teachers who upheld it.

Serlingpa (Suvarṇadvīpa Dharmakīrti)
Atiśa
Kyotön Mönlam Tsultrim
Gyalse Tokme Zangpo
Rongtön Sheja Kunrik
Patrul Rinpoche
Tupten Shedrup Gyatso
Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen

Living Traditions of Practice
Patrul Rinpoche

Patrul Rinpoche (1808-1887) stands as one of the most influential figures in the modern transmission of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra, breathing new life into this masterpiece of Mahāyāna Buddhism during a pivotal period in Tibetan religious history. Through his revolutionary pedagogical approach that made profound Buddhist philosophy accessible to ordinary practitioners, Patrul transformed the Bodhicaryāvatāra from a text of elite monastic study into a living practice guide for all levels of society. His teachings became essential reading in Buddhist communities worldwide, ensuring Śāntideva's timeless wisdom on the bodhisattva path would continue to illuminate practitioners across cultures for future generations.

 
The Textual History of the Bodhicaryāvatāra
This concise essay examines the transmission and manuscript history of the Bodhicaryāvatāra.
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Later Editions and Translations of the Bodhicaryāvatāra
This article traces the Bodhicaryāvatāra 's journey from its Mongolian translations in the 17th and 18th centuries to its introduction to Western academia in the late 19th century.
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The Textual History and Reception of Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Śikṣāsamuccaya 's origins, spread, and influence. It traces the text's composition in 8th century India, its early translations into Tibetan and Chinese, and subsequent transmission through various Buddhist lineages.
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Influence and Reception of Śāntideva's Works in India and Nepal
This short overview gives an account of the Bodhicaryāvatāra 's history from its origins in India to its transmission in Nepal. It discusses the text's authorship, traditionally attributed to Śāntideva in 7th century India, and explores various commentaries and abbreviated versions produced by Indian scholars.
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Influence and Reception of Śāntideva's Works in China and Central Asia
This essay explores the transmission and influence of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra in China and Mongolia. He examines the Chinese translation of the text during the Sòng dynasty, and highlights the related political context and translation processes.
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The Transmission of the Bodhicaryāvatāra in Tibet: An Overview
This article provides a detailed account of the Bodhicaryāvatāra 's impact on Tibetan Buddhism.
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Śāntideva's Works in India and Beyond

In this section, we take a deeper look at the textual history of Śāntideva's works in India and beyond through their multiple recensions and translations, and we learn more about how they significant these works became for Buddhist communities across Asia.

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Content coming soon. Please be patient.

Keeping the Flame of the Bodhicaryāvatāra Alive: From 9th-Century India to 19th-Century Tibet

Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra gave rise to a vibrant commentarial tradition in India and Tibet. In this section, we will learn more about 10 centuries of teachings focusing on teachings drawn from this text. This section is still being developed. We will keep you posted as we add new materials, articles, and resources.

 
The Indian Commentarial Tradition (9th-12th c.)
This essay offers a comprehensive overview of the Indian commentaries on the Bodhicaryāvatāra (BCA). It details thirteen commentaries composed by Indian authors, highlighting how the BCA was used both as a Mahāyāna practice manual and a debate manual.
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The Tibetan Commentarial Tradition: An Overview
This article provides a concise overview of the commentarial tradition surrounding Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra in Tibet. It traces the text's introduction to Tibet in the 8th century, highlighting its rapid translation and subsequent revisions. The study also outlines the development of Tibetan commentaries on the text.
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The Tibetan Commentarial Tradition (11th–19th c.)
This article by Gregory Forgues
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Tibetan Lineages and Lineage Prayers
Andreas Kretschmar, in his translation of Khenpo Kunpal's Drops of Nectar, a commentary on the Bodhicaryāvatāra that is widely used in traditional curricula and among lay Buddhists, lists the various teaching lineages associated with the Bodhicaryāvatāra that developed in Tibet.
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The Tibetan late 19th-Century Debates on the Bodhicaryāvatāra's Wisdom Chapter

Learn more about the debates regarding the meaning of the 9th chapter of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra. Content coming soon. Please be patient.

 
The Ninth Chapter
Go to the landing page / hub page for the 9th chapter content and the debates about it.
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The Way of the Bodhisattva Illuminated: Stories and Recitation Guide

This collection presents exemplary Buddhist narratives illustrating key verses of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra (The Way of the Bodhisattva). Each tale demonstrates profound Buddhist principles such as the importance of respecting all worthy beings, the rarity of human rebirth, and the transformative power of bodhicitta (the awakening mind). These morally instructive stories feature kings, merchants, animals, and divine beings to illuminate the path of the bodhisattva—one who dedicates themselves to achieving enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings. The tales consistently emphasize the superiority of spiritual wealth over material possessions and demonstrate how bodhisattvas transform adversity into opportunity for both their own spiritual development and that of others.

 
Tales of Engaging the Way of the Bodhisattva
Click to see the full list
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Narrative Commentary on the Way of the Bodhisattva
Click to see the full list
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Recitation Guide for The Way of the Bodhisattva
A Method for Reciting the Text Engaging in Bodhisattva Conducts: A Stream of Blessings, by Dam tshig rdo rje (Mkhan po chos rje)
Guide

The Literature (Primary and Secondary sources)

The resources listed below have been tagged to show relationships between classical works and library items (i.e., recensions, translations, scholarship). Content coming soon. Please be patient.

 
Bodhicaryāvatāra
Delve deeper into Śāntideva's main work
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Commentaries on Bodhicaryāvatāra
Discover the great commentarial tradition based on Śāntideva's work
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Śikṣāsamuccaya
Know more about Śāntideva's Compendium of Training
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Additional Resources
Look into discussions on the art of translation and explore resources compiled by scholars
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Browse resources
Browse all published resources on the subjects of this site, including articles, dissertations, and media.
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The Library

The Library offers a complete list of all bibliographical resources relevant to the study of Śāntideva's works. Content coming soon. Please be patient.

Tsadra Compendium of Key Terms

This compendium of key terms is provided as a tool to better understand technical terminology used in the context of study and practice.

 
Scholastic Terminology (Abhidharma and Mahāyāna Traditions)
Discover the meaning of key scholastic terms used in the 9th Chapter and related commentaries.
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Mahāyāna Path Terminology
Discover the meaning of key Mahāyāna terms used when teaching the path of the bodhisattva.
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Resources (Study, Research, Teachings)

More resources. Content coming soon. Please be patient.

The Other Doorways
Discover
Begin here. Discover the basics of bodhicitta, its meaning and purpose, and learn about the main concepts of the Mahayana path. Learn about the people and texts on this website, and find key resources for beginners.
step through
Explore
The understanding and practice of bodhicitta depends on the knowledge of the stories, key concepts, texts, and people associated with it. Explore bodhicitta, the desire to seek the ultimate happiness for all sentient beings.
step through
Practice
What use is a powerful medicine if one does not take it to cure the illness? say Buddhist masters. Learn how to put bodhicitta into practice in order to bring the highest good – perfect enlightenment – to all sentient beings.
step through