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A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)

Book

Sutras (Tibetan)

• 'phags pa dri ma med par grags pas bstan pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo (Jeweled Lotus Publishing, 2015)
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• A Few Good Men
• A Great Commentary on Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life, Vol. 1
• A Guide to the Bodhisattva Way of Life
• A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life (1985)
• A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life (1999)
• A Prolegomena to the Śrīmālādevī Sūtra and the Tathāgatagarbha Theory: The Role of Women in Buddhism
• Akṣayamatinirdeśasūtra, Vol. 1 (Braarvig, J.)
• Akṣayamatinirdeśasūtra, Vol. 2 (Braarvig, J.)
• Appendix B: Excerpt from A Lamp Completely Illuminating the Profound Reality of Interdependence
• Becoming Bodhisattvas
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• Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra: Entering the Way of the Bodhisattvas (2022, Khenpo Gawang and Wiener)
• Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahayana
• Bodhisatvapiṭaka (Bibliotheca Polyglotta)
• Das Akashagarbha Sutra
• Das Sūtra Vimalakīrti
• Die Überlieferung vom Lebensende des Buddha, Part 1
• Discourse on Samantabhadra's Beneficence Aspirations
• Discourses on Bodhicharyāvatāra
• Drops of Nectar: Khenpo Kunpal's Commentary on Shantideva's Entering the Conduct of the Bodhisattvas
• Engaging in Bodhisattva Behavior
• Engaging in the Bodhisattva Deeds
• Engaging in the Conduct of the Bodhisattvas
• Entering the Way of the Bodhisattva: A New Translation and Contemporary Guide
• For the Benefit of All Beings
• Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life (Bodhicaryavatara): A Commentary by Geshe Tenzin Zopa
• Guide to the Good Life
• Healing Anger
• How to Be a Bodhisattva: Introduction to the Practice of the Bodhisattva Path (The Bodhicaryāvatāra)
• Le commentaire de Mi-pham au chapitre IX du Bodhicaryāvatāra de Śāntideva: Échos modernes d'une controverse du XVème siècle
• Narayanapariprccha: Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts
• No Time to Lose
• Patience: A Guide to Shantideva's Sixth Chapter (Zopa 2020)
• Peaceful Heart
• Perfecting Patience
• Perfecting Wisdom
• Practicing Wisdom
• Samantabhadracaryā-praṇidhānarāja (Devi)
• Saṃgharakṣitāvadāna (Bibliotheca Polyglotta)
• Shantideva and Friends
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 4
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 5
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 6
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 7
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way Of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 8
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 1
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 2
• Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life: An Oral Explanation of Chapter 3
• Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodhicaryāvatāra (2000)
• Sur l'océan du Mahayana
• Sāntideva, The Bodhicaryāvatāra, Chapter 8 (verses 89-140)
• Sūtra of Aṅgulimālika
• The Acceptance of Evil Acts in the Śīla-paṭala of the Yogācārabhūmi
• The Beautiful Way of Life
• The Bhaiṣajyaguru-Sūtra and the Buddhism of Gilgit
• The Bodhisattva Guide
• The Center of the Sunlit Sky
• The Entrance for the Children of the Conquerors
• The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech
• The Origins and Early History of the Mahāratnakūṭa Tradition of Mahāyāna Buddhism with a Study of the Ratnarāśisūtra and Related Materials
• The Perfection of Wisdom (Schopen)
• The Profound Reality of Interdependence
• The Profound Reality of Interdependence-Review by Bouthillette
• The Range of the Bodhisattva: A Study of an Early Mahāyānasūtra - Āryasatyakaparivarta
• The Reflexive Nature of Awareness (1998)
• The Scripture on the Production of Buddha Images
• The Story of Saṅgharakṣita (Stories 23–25)
• The Ugraparipṛcchā, the Mahāratnakūṭasūtra and Early Mahāyāna Buddhism
• The Vajradhvajapariṇāmanā: An Edition and Translation of the Tibetan Version
• The Vows of Samantabhadra
• The Way of Awakening
• The Way of the Bodhisattva (1997)
• The Way of the Bodhisattva (2006)
• The Wisdom Chapter
• The Śālistamba Sūtra
• The Śālistamba Sūtra and Its Indian Commentaries, Volume II
• Transcendent Wisdom (2009)
• Upāliparipṛcchāsūtra: ein Text zur buddhistischen Ordensdisziplin
• Vimalakīrtinirdeśa: Transliterated Sanskrit Text Collated with Tibetan and Chinese Translations
• Wisdom: Two Buddhist Commentaries

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Descriptionངོ་སྤྲོད།

A Few Good Men is a study and translation of The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā), one of the most influential Mahāyāna sutras on the bodhisattva path, but also one of the most neglected texts in Western treatments of Buddhism. To achieve a better understanding of the universe of ideas, activities, and institutional structures within which early self-proclaimed bodhisattvas lived, the author first considers the Ugra as a literary document, employing new methodological tools to examine the genre to which it belongs, the age of its extant versions, and their relationships to one another. She goes on to challenge the dominant notions that the Mahāyāna emerged as a "reform" of earlier Buddhism and offered lay people an “easier option.”

A Few Good Men will be compelling reading for scholars and practitioners alike and others interested in the history of Indian Buddhism and the formation of Mahāyāna. (Source: University of Hawai'i Press)

Citation

Nattier, Jan. A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā). Studies in the Buddhist Traditions. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

Publisher Link

https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/a-few-good-men-the-bodhisattva-path-according-to-the-inquiry-of-ugra-ugraparipṛccha/

Table of contents

• Prefacexi
• Abbreviationsxv

Part One: Analysis

• 1. INTRODUCTION3

• 2. THE FORMATION OF THE INQUIRY OF UGRA10
  • The Ugra as a Literary Document11
  • Versions of the Sūtra16
  • The Name "Ugradatta"21
  • The Epithet Grhapati22
  • Ugra as Literary Character: Precedents in Earlier Texts25
  • The Title of the Sūtra26
  • The Ugra as a Ratnakūta Text31
  • The Evolution of the Text over Time36
  • Structure and Genre38
  • Date and Provenance41

• 3. THE UGRA AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE: METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS48
  • The Problem of Textual Stratification49
  • Types of Interpolations in the Ugra51
    • Multiplication of epithets53
    • Completion of a standard list53
    • Recall of a passage from elsewhere54
    • Filling in the blanks55
    • Reiteration with additional examples56
    • Addition of genuinely new material57
  • The Possibility of Omissions and Abbreviations59
  • Moving Pieces: Alterations in the Sequence of the Text61
  • Extracting Historical Data from a Normative Source63
    • The principle of embarrassment65
    • The principle of irrelevance66
    • The principle of counterargument67
    • The principle of corroborating evidence68
  • Ex Silentio: The Interpretation of Absence69
  • A Distant Mirror: Studying Indian Buddhism through Chinese and Tibetan Texts70

• 4. THE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING73
  • Defining Categories: Household vs. Renunciant Life74
  • Lay Bodhisattvas75
  • Monastic Bodhisattvas79
  • Bodhisattvas and Śrāvakas in the Buddhist Sangha84
  • The Vihāra and the Wilderness89
    • Hirakawa's theory of the lay origins of the Mahāyāna89
    • Ray's theory of the forest origins of the Mahāyāna93
  • Gender Issues96
  • Conclusions: Bodhisattvas in Their Nikāya Contexts100

• 5. BODHISATTVA PRACTICES: GUIDELINES FOR THE PATH103
  • THE LAY BODHISATTVA106
  • Taking Refuge106
  • The Eleven Precepts107
  • The Practice of Giving111
  • The Transformation of Merit114
  • Detachment from People and Things115
  • The Triskandhaka Ritual117
  • The Necessity of Becoming a Monk121
  • THE MONASTIC BODHISATTVA127
  • The Four Noble Traditions127
  • Wilderness-Dwelling130
  • Avoiding Contact with Others132
  • Maintaining Humility135

• 6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BODHISATTVA CAREER: IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS137
  • The Three Vehicles: Separate Paths to Separate Goals138
  • The Impossibility of Attaining Buddhahood in This Lifetime142
  • Motivations for the Bodhisattva Path144
  • Bodhisattva Vows147
  • Stages of the Path151
  • The Six Pāramitās153
  • Tactical Skill154
  • The Buddha and the Practitioner156
    • Paying homage162
    • Making offerings163
    • Service166
    • Meditative remembrance167
  • Conclusions: Imitative vs. Relational Cultivation168

• 7. TELLING ABSENCES: WHAT IS NOT IN THE UGRA171
  • The Term "Hīnayāna"172
  • Bodhisattva Universalism174
  • The Supermundane Buddha176
  • The Rhetoric of Emptiness179
  • The Cult of the Stūpa182
  • The Cult of the Book184
  • Devotion to Celestial Buddhas187
  • Devotion to Celestial Bodhisattvas188
  • Conclusions: The Significance of Absence190

• 8. THE MAHĀYĀNA IN THE MIRROR OF THE UGRA193

Part Two: Translation

• Translation Techniques and Conventions201
  • Which Text?202
  • Which Reading?204
  • Symbols and Conventions205

• PRACTICES OF THE LAY BODHISATTVA
  • 0. Opening Salutation207
  • 1. The Setting207
  • 2. Ugra's Inquiry210
  • 3. Going for Refuge216
  • 4. The Refuges, Repeated219
  • 5. Good Deeds223
  • 6. The Bodhisattva's Perspective226
  • 7. The Eleven Precepts229
  • 8. The Bodhisattva in Society233
  • 9. The Faults of the Household Life237
  • 10. The Benefits of Giving240
  • 11. Thoughts When Encountering Beggars241
  • 12. Detachment from People and Things246
  • 13. Cultivating Aversion for One's Wife247
  • 14. Cultivating Detachment from One's Son255
  • 15. How to Interact with Beggars257
  • 16. The Triskandhaka Ritual259
  • 17. When Monks Violate the Precepts261
  • 18. When Visiting a Monastery264
  • 19. Contrasts between Household and Renunciant Life266
  • 20. When Visiting a Monastery, Cont’d.272
  • 21. The Ordination of Ugra and His Friends (version 1)278

• PRACTICES OF THE MONASTIC BODHISATTVA
  • 22. The Renunciant Bodhisattva's Practices280
  • 23. The Four Noble Traditions282
  • 24. The Noble Traditions and Other Ascetic Practices284
  • 25. The Virtues of Wilderness-Dwelling291
  • 26. Interacting with Other Monks and Teachers307
  • 27. The Pure Morality of the Renunciant Bodhisattva310
  • 28. The Pure Meditation of the Renunciant Bodhisattva312
  • 29. The Pure Insight of the Renunciant Bodhisattva313
  • 30. The Ordination of Ugra and His Friends (version 2)314
  • 31. How the Householder Can Live as a Renunciant314
  • 32. Dialogue with Ānanda316
  • 33. The Title of the Text318
  • 34. The Final Reaction of the Audience320
  • 35. Title and Colophon320

Appendices

• 1. Synoptic Tables of Versions of the Ugraparipṛcchā325
  • Part A: Tibetan Texts326
  • Part B: Chinese Texts and Citations in Other Sources333
• 2. Bodhisattva Names in the Ugraparipṛcchā341
• 3. Monastic Specialties Recorded in the Ugraparipṛcchā347
• Bibliography352
• Index369

Interconnections

Works related to this item

1 Other editions

Nattier, Jan. The Bodhisattva Path: Based on the Ugraparipṛcchā, a Mahāyāna Sūtra. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2007.

Books2007About this item

A study and translation of the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchāsūtra), one of the most influential Mahāyāna sūtras, by Jan Nattier.

1 Scholarship on

Gṛhapatyugraparipṛcchāsūtra [गृहपत्युग्रपरिपृच्छासूत्र]. 'phags pa khyim bdag drag shul can gyis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo [འཕགས་པ་ཁྱིམ་བདག་དྲག་ཤུལ་ཅན་གྱིས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།]. [The Sūtra of Ugra's Questions (84000)]. Translated by Surendrabodhi, Ye shes sde, Saṅghavarman, Yen Fo-t'iao, Dharmarakṣa. Kangyur, RKTSK 63 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=63&typ=1.

Classical WorksAbout this item

A group of wealthy householders led by Ugra ask the Buddha for guidance on the proper conduct for married, male, lay practitioners. The Buddha answers by laying out, in great detail, the many challenges presented by remaining in a household as compared to the many advantages of going forth as an ordained monk and renouncing worldly life. Instructions are also given on how laymen should behave when visiting a monastery. Convinced of the superiority of monastic renunciation, Ugra and the other householders request to go forth and receive monastic ordination. The Buddha then lays out the proper conduct for renunciant bodhisattvas while living in retreat in the wilderness. (Source: 84000)

Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of the Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt महायान  Tib ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།  Ch 大乘  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Mahāyāna'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Sūtra'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

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Śrāvaka - The disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain individual liberation or nirvāṇa. The final goal of the Hearers is to become an arhat, a state in which one has totally eliminated the inner problems of attachment, hatred and ignorance, the main causes for rebirth in this cycle of existence. There are four stages of a śrāvaka path including eight phases. Skt श्रावक  Tib ཉན་ཐོས།  Ch 聲聞  

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Pāramitā - The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections. Skt पारमिता  Tib ཕར་ཕྱིན།;ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།  Ch 波羅蜜  

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Hīnayāna - The mainstream teachings and the early schools of Buddhism which primarily taught individual liberation through practice-focused renunciation and monasticism, considered lesser than the later movement of the Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna), which professed enlightenment for all sentient beings and promoted compassion. Skt हीनयान  Tib ཐེག་དམན།  Ch 小乘  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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