Chapter 3: Perfection of Discipline: Protecting the Dharma Teacher

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Chapter 3: Perfection of Discipline: Protecting the Dharma Teacher

Article

SSC Chapter Summaries

• Chapter 1: Giving One's Body, Possessions, and Virtues
• Chapter 2: Upholding the Dharma from the Perfection of Discipline
• Chapter 3: Perfection of Discipline: Protecting the Dharma Teacher
• Chapter 4: Perfection of Discipline: Discussion of Major Harms in the Sūtras
• Chapter 5: Perfection of Discipline: Avoiding the Harms
• Chapter 6: Protecting the Body
• Chapter 7: Protecting the Possessions and Merit
• Chapter 8: Expiation of Sinful Actions
• Chapter 9: Perfection of Patience
• Chapter 10: Perfection of Effort
• Chapter 11: Praise of Wilderness
• Chapter 12: Purifying the Mind
• Chapter 13: Mindfulness
• Chapter 14: Purification of the Body
• Chapter 15: Purification of Possessions and Merit
• Chapter 16: Enhancement of Body, Possessions, and Merit
• Chapter 17: Benefit of Prostration and Other Practices
• Chapter 18: Recollecting the Three Jewels
• Chapter 19: Enhancing Merit

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Editorial content: This page was written or translated by the Tsadra Foundation staff as part of the editorial project of this website. It is original content written or translated for the Bodhicitta Project.

Abstract

Chapter 3 of the Śikṣāsamuccaya focuses on protecting the body of a Dharma upholder by avoiding harm, detailing how bodhisattvas should conduct themselves with joy and compassion while avoiding distractions from kings, non-Buddhists, and various worldly influences. The chapter extensively discusses the workings of Māra (the evil force), who attempts to discourage virtuous activities, presents the four white and four dark dharmas as core bodhisattva precepts, and concludes with warnings about the karmic consequences of misusing monastic authority and resources.

Citation

Phuntsho, Karma. "Chapter 3: Perfection of Discipline: Protecting the Dharma Teacher." Śikṣāsamuccaya in-depth chapter overviews. Bodhicitta: A Tsadra Foundation Initiative, September 2, 2025.

Having discussed the general ways of protecting one's body, possessions, and virtues, the third chapter delves into the actual topic of protection. Śāntideva states, "What is the protection of the body in this case? It is the avoidance of harm." The specific case, he points out, is the case of an upholder of Dharma and how the body of such a person should be protected by avoiding harm. Citing The Treasury of Space Sūtra (Gaganagañjaparipṛcchāsūtra), he explains how an upholder engages with joy in seeking Dharma even at the cost of one's life, ignoring all kinds of hardships, and propagates Dharma out of intense love and compassion. He lists the humble, peaceful, and joyful conduct such an upholder of Dharma adopts and the effort such a person makes to teach Dharma to others. He also quotes The Sacred Dharma of White Lotus Sūtra (Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra), which recommends that the upholder of Dharma live in a clean environment without distraction and avoid familiarity with kings, princes, courtiers, outcastes, alcohol sellers, non-Buddhists, arrogant people, undisciplined monks, boisterous nuns, unreliable laypeople, women, homosexuals, brides and girls at home, pig dealers, butchers, masseuses, musicians, and so forth. It is clear Śāntideva is thinking of the monastic audience of his writing in these recommendations. "When the wise teach Dharma to women, never travel with them alone or laugh with them," goes one specific piece of advice, which we also find in Śāntideva's other work, The Way of the Bodhisattva.

In discussing other types of harm to the upholder of Dharma, Śāntideva brings up the acts of Māra, the evil force, by referring to the Perfection of Wisdom sūtras. The evil force works to harm the upholder of Dharma by bringing down shooting meteors or forest fires so as to scare the bodhisattva and diminish his or her courage to work for other beings. The evil force distracts the bodhisattva by making him or her lose the hope of spiritual development, think of teachers, parents, friends, and relatives, think of thieves or of food and clothes. The evil force makes the teacher, who is teaching Dharma, and the disciple, who is listening, have conflicting interests and plans to disrupt the teachings. He also lists many other ways the evil force engages to harm the upholder of Dharma by citing The Treasury of Space Sūtra and The Questions of Sāgaramati Sūtra (Sāgaramatiparipṛcchāsūtra). In brief, any circumstance in which the bodhisattva is discouraged from doing virtuous activities that serve the benefit of oneself and others but is encouraged to engage in nonvirtuous actions or remain in solitude with diffidence and a narrow mind (engaged in small activities such as being a caretaker who is told that he or she does not have the diligence to be a bodhisattva) is an act of the evil force. Anyone promoting such action is the evil force in the guise of a righteous teacher.

In pursuing the path of the bodhisattva, one must engage with the diligence of an unwary mind and unwary body, adopting what is known as the consistent diligence of a bodhisattva, and taking up great difficulties such as even giving one's own flesh. Yet, it is not proper to let one's body be used before one is ready, as it could lead to the bodhisattva becoming dejected and remorseful. Thus, according to The Treasury of Space Sūtra, it is a work of the evil force to expect the gift of the body or its parts before the bodhisattva is ready to give them. The body, like a beautiful medicinal plant with roots and seeds, should not be unnecessarily harmed.

Furthermore, Śāntideva cites The Jewel Cloud Sūtra (Ratnameghasūtra) to present the many ways through which one can avoid the works of the evil force, one of which is to avoid many types of nonvirtuous teachers. The sūtra also recommends avoiding nonvirtuous teachers cordially and compassionately, without hate or contempt, recognizing them as people of different interests and temperaments. Following this, the text lists the four white dharmas and the four dark dharmas as presented in The Jewel Heap Sūtra (Ratnakūṭasūtra). These four white and dark dharmas are often enumerated as the main dos and don'ts of the bodhisattva precept. The four dark dharmas include:

1. Deceiving venerable figures, such as abbots, teachers, and masters.
2. Causing remorse or guilt where none is warranted.
3. Criticizing and defaming persons who have entered the noble path.
4. Cheating other sentient beings.

The four white dharmas, which function as an antidote to the dark dharmas, are:

1. Not speaking falsehoods, even at the cost of one's life or as a joke.
2. Being sincerely benevolent to all beings without deception.
3. Praising and applauding bodhisattvas.
4. Encouraging beings on the superior path when they are ready.

Many more sūtras are cited to elaborate on the dos and don'ts of bodhisattvas, with particular reference to monastic life and its affairs. A monk-teacher or meditator is valued more than a monastic administrator or steward, who must offer timely provisions to the meditator or arrange things for the teacher to deliver the teachings. These directives are followed by a long list of cases showing how monk-administrators or officials were born in unhappy rebirths and states of misery due to their abuse of monks and monastic resources in their previous lifetimes. The last passages in this chapter highlight how monks, particularly monastic officials with institutional power and resources, must be cautious to not abuse their positions and misuse monastic resources, lest they incur serious karmic consequences.

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Śāntideva (ཞི་བ་ལྷ་). Śikṣāsamuccaya [शिक्षासमुच्चय]. bslab pa kun las btus pa [བསླབ་པ་ཀུན་ལས་བཏུས་པ།]. [The Compendium of Training]. Tengyur, RKTST 3281 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=3281&typ=2.

Classical WorksAbout this item

Śikṣāsamuccaya (T. Bslab pa kun las btus pa; C. Dasheng ji pusa xue lun; J. Daijōjū bosatsugakuron; K. Taesǔng chip posal hak non 大乘集菩薩學論). In Sanskrit, "Compendium of Training," a work by the eighth-century Indian Mahāyāna master Śāntideva. It consists of twenty-seven stanzas on the motivation and practice of the bodhisattva, including bodhicitta, the six perfections (pāramitā), the worship of buddhas and bodhisattvas, the benefits of renunciation, and the peace derived from the knowledge of emptiness (śūnyatā). The topic of each of the stanzas receives elaboration in the form of a prose commentary by the author as well as in illustrative passages, often quite extensive, drawn from a wide variety of Mahāyāna sūtras. Some ninety-seven texts are cited in all, many of which have been lost in their original Sanskrit, making the Śikṣāsamuccaya an especially important source for the textual history of Indian Buddhism. These citations also offer a window into which sūtras were known to a Mahāyāna author in eighth-century India. The digest of passages that Śāntideva provides was repeatedly drawn upon by Tibetan authors in their citations of sūtras. Although Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra and Śikṣāsamuccaya both deal with similar topics, the precise relation between the two texts is unclear. Several of the author's verses appear in both texts and some of the sūtra passages from the Śikṣāsamuccaya also appear in the Bodhicaryāvatāra. One passage in the Bodhicaryāvatāra also refers readers to the Śikṣāsamuccaya, but this line does not occur in the Dunhuang manuscript of the text and may be a later interpolation. (Source: "Śikṣāsamuccaya." In The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, 821. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.)

Bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt बोधिचित्त  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།  Ch 菩提心  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhicitta'

Bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt बोधिचित्त  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།  Ch 菩提心  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhicitta'

Śāntideva (ཞི་བ་ལྷ་). Śikṣāsamuccaya [शिक्षासमुच्चय]. bslab pa kun las btus pa [བསླབ་པ་ཀུན་ལས་བཏུས་པ།]. [The Compendium of Training]. Tengyur, RKTST 3281 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=3281&typ=2.

Go to the page with the definition of 'Śikṣāsamuccaya'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattvas'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

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Karuṇā - The profound wish for all sentient beings to be free from suffering and the causes of suffering. It is a core virtue in Buddhism and, in the Mahāyāna tradition, develops into 'great compassion' (mahākaruṇā), the driving force behind the pursuit of enlightenment for the benefit of others. Skt करुणा  Tib ཐུགས་རྗེ་  Ch 悲  

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Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Gaganagañjaparipṛcchāsūtra [गगनगञ्जपरिपृच्छासूत्र]. 'phags pa nam mkha mdzod kyis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo [འཕགས་པ་ནམ་མཁའ་མཛོད་ཀྱིས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།]. [The Sūtra of the Questions of Gaganagañja (84000)]. Translated by Amoghavajra, Vijayaśīla, Śīlendrabodhi, Ye shes sde, Dharmakṣema, Chih-yen, Pao-yün, Narendrayaśas. Kangyur, RKTSK 148 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=148&typ=1.

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Mettā - The unconditional wish for other beings to experience happiness and the causes of happiness. Skt मैत्री  Tib བྱམས་པ་  Ch 慈  

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Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra [सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र]. dam pa'i chos pad ma dkar po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo [དམ་པའི་ཆོས་པད་མ་དཀར་པོ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།]. [The Mahāyāna Sūtra "The White Lotus of the Good Dharma" (84000)]. Translated by Surendrabodhi, Ye shes sde, Kumārajīva, Dharmarakṣa, Dharmakṣema, Jñānagupta, Dharmagupta. Kangyur, RKTSK 113 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=113&typ=1.

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Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Bodhisattva - A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses. Skt बोधिसत्त्व  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ།  Ch 菩薩  

Go to the page with the definition of 'Bodhisattva'

Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

Go to the page with the definition of 'sūtras'

Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

Go to the page with the definition of 'sūtras'

Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Śrāvaka - The disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain individual liberation or nirvāṇa. The final goal of the Hearers is to become an arhat, a state in which one has totally eliminated the inner problems of attachment, hatred and ignorance, the main causes for rebirth in this cycle of existence. There are four stages of a śrāvaka path including eight phases. Skt श्रावक  Tib ཉན་ཐོས།  Ch 聲聞  

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Sāgaramatiparipṛcchāsūtra [सागरमतिपरिपृच्छासूत्र]. 'phags pa blo gros rgya mtshos zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo [འཕགས་པ་བློ་གྲོས་རྒྱ་མཚོས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།]. [The Sūtra of the Questions of Sāgaramati (84000)]. Translated by Buddhaprabha, Jinamitra, Dānaśīla, Ye shes sde, Dharmarakṣa, Weijing, Dharmakṣema, Chih-yen, Pao-yün, Narendrayaśas. Kangyur, RKTSK 152 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=152&typ=1.

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Vīrya - Skt वीर्य  Tib བརྩོན་འགྲུས་  Ch 精進  

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Ratnameghasūtra [आर्यरत्नमेघनाममहायानसूत्र]. 'phags pa dkon mchog sprin ces bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo [འཕགས་པ་དཀོན་མཆོག་སྤྲིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།]. [The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra "The Jewel Cloud" (84000)]. Translated by Chos nyid tshul khrims, Rin chen 'tsho, Dharmarakṣa, Wei-ching, Mandrasena, Dharmaruci. Kangyur, RKTSK 231 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=231&typ=1.

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Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

Go to the page with the definition of 'sūtra'

Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

Go to the page with the definition of 'sūtra'

Sūtra - Sūtras mainly refer to the discourses delivered by the Buddha and his disciples, and the Sūtra corpus is one of the three main sets of teachings which form the Buddhist canon. Skt सूत्र  Tib མདོ།  Ch 佛经  

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Pratipakṣa - An antidote or remedy that contributes or supports the elimination or pacification of a particular ailment or affliction. Skt प्रतिपक्ष  Tib གཉེན་པོ་  Ch 對治  

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Mahāyāna - Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of the Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion. Skt महायान  Tib ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།  Ch 大乘  

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Bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt बोधिचित्त  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།  Ch 菩提心  

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Bodhicitta - The altruistic thought to seek enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It is said to have two aspects: compassion aimed at sentient beings and their problems and the wisdom of enlightenment as the solution. Skt बोधिचित्त  Tib བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས།  Ch 菩提心  

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Pāramitā - The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections. Skt पारमिता  Tib ཕར་ཕྱིན།;ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།  Ch 波羅蜜  

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Śūnyatā - The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics. Skt शून्यता  Tib སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་  Ch 空;空門  

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Śūnyatā - The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics. Skt शून्यता  Tib སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་  Ch 空;空門  

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Śāntideva (ཞི་བ་ལྷ་). Bodhicaryāvatāra [बोधिचर्यावतार]. byang chub sems dpa'i spyod pa la 'jug pa [བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའི་སྤྱོད་པ་ལ་འཇུག་པ།]. [The Way of the Bodhisattva]. Tengyur, RKTST 3216 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=3216&typ=2.

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