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Revision as of 17:34, 17 February 2026
Timeline
The Commentaries of the Bodhicaryāvatāra
Śāntideva is one of the most well-known and revered Indian Buddhist teachers, and his life and works continue to move and inspire new generations of practitioners, lay and monastic, to cultivate the mind of enlightenment in order to benefit other sentient beings. His writings, which include The Way of the Bodhisattva (Bodhicaryāvatāra) and The Compendium of Training (Śikṣāsamuccya), were immensely influential not only in India but also in the development of the Tibetan religious tradition.
A renowned Indian Madhyamaka master belonging to Candrakīrti's lineage.
The most important of Atiśa's teachers. In Tibetan, he is known simply as Serlingpa.
A great Indian master and scholar and one of the main teachers at the famous university of Vikramaśilā. He was a strict follower of the monastic rule and was acclaimed for the purity of his teaching. He spent the last ten years of his life in Tibet, and his Tibetan disciples founded the Kadampa school.
This commentary, whose author is unknown, is an explanation of meaning (don 'grel), written with the help of the Śikṣāsamuccaya. It begins with an explanation of Nāgārjuna's verses of homage to the Buddha in the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. The second and third chapters are merged into one in this commentary. Therefore, there are only nine chapters in total. The eighth chapter is on wisdom instead of the ninth, and the ninth chapter is on dedication. Some chapters are explained quite elaborately and some are summarized. The Dedication Chapter is mentioned, but there is no commentary on it, the reason being that it is easy to understand.
An Indian scholastic who lived in the eleventh century and was the author or translator of numerous works, including a commentary to Śāntideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra.
According to Fredrik Liland, nothing further is known about Kalyāṇadeva (Dge ba'i lha), aside from being the author of the Bodhisattvacaryāvatārasaṃskāra. But his commentary is thought to be not as exhaustive and rich of citations as Prajñākaramati’s Pañjikā.
An eleventh-century scholar from Vikramaśīla, known for producing works on sūtra. According to Karl Brunnhölzl, he likely also authored Mahāyānottaratantraśāstraṭippanī (A Commentary on the Meaning of the Words of the "Uttaratantra"). He is not to be confused with a second Vairocanarakṣita, known also as Vairocanavajra, who lived about a century later and spent time in Tibet in the mid-12th century and who was more focused on tantra and mahāmudrā.
This is a commentary by an unknown author on The Wisdom and Dedication Chapters. It explains the verses by making frequent references to various sūtras. In this commentary, chapter 8 is on wisdom, and chapter 9 is on dedication. This title is also referred to as the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāravivṛtti.
This commentary, whose author is unknown, explains The Wisdom Chapter verse by verse, with more emphasis on the difficult points.
The sixth abbot of Sangpu Neutok, a Kadam monastery founded in 1073 by Ngok Lekpai Sherab. Among his students are included the First Karmapa, Düsum Khenpa, and the Sakya hierarch Sönam Tsemo.
An important student of Lama Khyung Rinchen Drak, Gangpa Sheu Lodrö Jangchup, Lhaje Dawe Özer, and Lhopa Könchok Pal. A teacher of Chapa Chökyi Senge, Karmapa Düsum Khenpa, Pakdru Dorje Gyalpo, Chokro Chökyi Gyaltsen, Zhangbal Tsepa, Kyikhar Lhakhangba, and so forth.
A disciple of Latö Könchok Khar, he became the abbot of Nering.
The son of Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, he was the second of the five founding patriarchs of the Sakya tradition.
The third of the five men credited with founding the Sakya order. He was also the Fifth Sakya Trizin, or throne holder, from the Khön family.
A student of Chapa Chökyi Senge, Nyangdrenpa Chökyi Yeshe, and Khamo Zeupa. A teacher of Drotön Dudtsi Drak and Madunpa.
Born in Tsang in 1127, he was a student of Sharawa Yönten Drak (1070–1141) and his disciple Tumtön Lodrö Drakpa (1106–1166) of the Kadampa tradition. In 1153 he assisted his master Lodrö Drakpa in establishing Nartang Monastery in Tsang.
A twelfth to thirteenth-century Indian scholar that, like his teacher Śākyaśrībhadra, was active in Tibet.
Born in the Kyo (Skyod) clan at Tanakyang (Rta nag yang) in central Tibet in 1219. He studied the complete Kadam traditions under the guidance of the sixth abbot, Sangye Gompa Senge Kyap (1179–1250), and the seventh abbot of Nartang Monastery (Snar thang dgon), Chim Namkha Drak (1210–1285).
A student of Khenpo Drakpa Bum, Khenchen Dewa Pal, Lopön Tukje Palzang, Lopön Chöden Palzang, etc. A teacher of Joden Khenpo Sönam Drakpa, Butön Rinchen Drup, Zhangtön Sönam Drak, etc.
A direct student of Sakya Paṇḍita Kunga Gyaltsen (1182–1251), from whom he received detailed teachings on the Bodhicaryāvatāra. He wrote a commentary on the Bodhicaryāvatāra as a synopsis of the teachings he had received from Sakya Paṇḍita.
A student of Könchok Jungne. He had a student named Sengewa Gyalwe Dorje.
Deemed one of the greatest of all the Tibetan Vinaya commentators. Born in the early thirteenth century in Mon Tsona, which is presently in the north of Tawang in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
A student of Kyitön Shakya Bum, Chokden Lekpai Lodrö, Jangsem Gyalwa Yeshe, and Rongpa Sherap Senge. A teacher of Dölpopa and Longchenpa.
Born to a family associated with a monastery named Shapme Gomne (Shab smad sgom gnas) in the Tropu (Khro phu) area of Tsang. A teacher of many prominent masters of his time, such as the fifth abbot of Jonang; Chokle Namgyal (1306–1386); Chunyi Sarma Drakpa Sherap (1310–1370); the Second Gankar Lama, Rinchen Zangpo (1317–1383); Drakpa Gyaltsen, who succeeded him as abbot of Zhalu (1365–1448), etc.
Born in a small place called Puljung Drakya in Sakya. He was a student of Rinchen Tashi Pembar, Rinchen Palzang, Rinchen Dorje, Künga Gyaltsen, Zhönu Gyaltsen, Yangsem Rinchen, Namkha Sangye, Sönam Drakpa, Rinchen Sönam Drakpa, and Sher Bum. He was a teacher of Drogön Palden Yeshe, Rendawa Zhönu Lodrö, Jamyang Donyo Gyaltsen, Nyakpuwa Sonam Zangpo, Gyalwa Rinchen, Jangchup Tsemo, Buddhaśrī, Tsültrim Palwa, Sangye Rinchen Gyaltsen, Namkhai Naljor, and Sabzang Pakpa Zhönu Lodrö.
A student of Kyotön Mönlam Tsültrim, the eighth abbot of Nartang.
One of Dölpopa’s fourteen major disciples. A Sanskrit scholar, he completed a new translation of the Kālacakra Tantra and the Vimalaprabhā. Dölpopa personally selected Lodrö Pal as his successor and the fifth holder of the monastic seat of Jonang Monastery. Lodrö Pal also made important new additions to the art and architecture of the Jonang stūpa.
A Kadam scholar from Sangpu Neutok Monastery who was known for his expertise in the Five Treatises of Maitreya. He was a contemporary of both Dölpopa and Butön and a teacher of the Sakya scholar Yakde Paṇchen and the Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje.
A teacher of Rinchen Zangpo, the second Gangkar Lama, (b.1317 – d.1383).
A prolific author, although many of his writings were never printed. Most famously, he was the author of the genealogy Gyalrap Salwai Melong (Rgyal rabs sal ba'i me long), commonly translated as The Clear Mirror: A Royal Genealogy. He wrote on various tantric subjects, particularly the Kālacakra Tantra, and composed a commentary on Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra.
A student of Chim Lobzang Drakpa and Zhönu Senge. A teacher of Nyendrak Zangpo, Khenchen Drupa Sherap, Nyakpuwa Sönam Wangchuk, Ritröpa Sönam Gyatso, and Tsongkhapa Lobzang Drakpa.
Born in the Tsongkha region of Amdo, Tibet. He studied with more than fifty different Buddhist scholars in Utsang. He was the founder of the Geluk order of Tibetan Buddhism.
Born in either 1362 or 1364 in a place called Rinang, in Nyangto, Tsang. He was a student of Rinchen Gyaltsen, Rinchen Dorje, Rendawa Zhönu Lodrö, and Tsongkhapa Lobzang Drakpa.
The second in the line of great Sakya masters known as the six ornaments of Tibet. Among these teachers he is particularly revered for his mastery of the Buddhist sūtras. Rongtön studied and taught at Sangpu Neutok Monastery. He founded Penpo Nalendra Monastery in 1436.
The twenty-third abbot of Bo dong E Monastery. His collected works, said to number thirty-six titles, include his huge encyclopedic work Denyi Dupa (De nyid 'dus pa). He was also a teacher of Gendün Drup (the First Dalai Lama) and Khedrup Gelek Palzang, both students of Tsongkhapa.
Born in 1382 at Sakya Monastery in Tibet. A student of Palden Tsultrim, Sharchen Yeshe Gyaltsen, Buddhaśrī, Sabzang Pakpa Zhönu Lodrö, Künga Gyaltsen, Kyapchok Palzang, and Tashi Rinchen. A teacher of the Eighth Ngor Khenchen, Muchen Sangye Rinchen, etc.
Chenga Lodrö Gyaltsen, one of the principal students of Khedrubje, was an early Geluk scholar-adept. He was educated in the classical scholastic curriculum and gained a reputation as a learned scholar at an early age.
A prominent sixteenth-century Kagyu scholar whose best-known composition was the Chöjung Khepai Gatön (Chos 'byung khas pa'i dga' ston), or Scholars Feast, a history of Buddhism in India and Tibet, as well as the history of the Karma Kagyu tradition. He is also famous for a massive commentary (975 folios) on the Bodhicaryāvatāra, which is still the standard for Karma Kagyu commentaries.
One of those rare renaissance men. The breadth of his scholarship and learning invites comparison with the Fifth Dalai Lama. He systematized the teaching of the Drukpa sect.
A student of the the Fifth Tatsak Jedrung, Ngawang Chökyi Wangchuk, and the Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobzang Gyatso.
A student of Lobzang Yeshe, Lobzang Namgyal, Purbuchok Ngawang Jampa, Palden Yeshe, Ngawang Namkha Zangpo, Tösamling Chöje Tseten Namgyal, Dukhorwa Yönten Dargye, and Dukhorwa Yeshe Pal. A teacher of The Eighth Dalai Lama, Jampal Gyatso.
A renowned Gelukpa scholar from the Bora region of Amdo.
A master born in Khal Kha (Mongolia). His teachers included Lobzang Gelek Tenzin, Tsewang Kyapchok, Sönam Gyatso, and Chökyi Dorje. His students included Kalzang Yeshe, Lobzang Tenzin Paljor, Lobzang Yönten, and Sönam Gyatso.
The secretary of the Third Jamyang Zhepa and a highly respected scholar based at Labrang Tashikhyil. A student of Kagyurwa Chenpo Könchok Palzin; The Third Jamyang Zhepa, Tupten Jigme Gyatso; Tsampa Lobzang Könchok; Könchok Gyaltsen, etc. A teacher of The Third Tranye, Ngawang Tupten Gyatso; The Fourth Jamyang Zhepa, Kalzang Tupten Wangchuk; The Fourth Amdo Zhamar, Gendun Tenzin Gyatso, etc.
The author of the famed Words of My Perfect Teacher (Kun bzang bla ma'i zhal lung), he was among the most significant transmitters of the Longchen Nyingtik practice lineage in the nineteenth century.
Great Dzogchen yogi and practitioner of the Ratna Lingpa (Rat+na gling pa) transmissions. A disciple of Drupwang Tsoknyi and rebirth of both Lingje Repa (Gling rje ras pa) and Guru Thugse Gyalwa Chogyang (Guru thugs sras rgyal ba mchog dbyangs).
A direct disciple of Nyakla Pema Dudul (1816–1872).
A student of Tenpai Nyima and Ngakchen Palden Drakpa. A teacher of Sengchen Lobzang Tenzin Paljor, Lachiwa Lobzang Chökyi Gyatso, and Lhachö Khentri Drupwang Tulku Lobzang Tsöndru Gyatso.
A student of The Fourth Dzogchen Drubwang, Mingyur Namkhai Dorje; Orgyen Tenzin Norbu; and Toru Khenpo Kalden Gyatso. A teacher of Minyak Apal, Lakla Sönam Chödrup, Geshe Apal, Ngorpa Pönlop Loter Wangpo, Batur Khenpo Tupten Chöpel, and Jampal Dewai Nyima.
A nineteenth-century scholar from Drepung Loseling, who wrote a polemical work to refute Mipam Gyatso (1846-1912) on topics such as Madhyamaka philosophy and emptiness.
A well-known scholar of the Geluk tradition from Labrang Tashikhyil in Amdo. The place of his birth was Pari (Dpa' ri). He was a teacher of the 13th Dalai Lama and a close friend of the Shamarpa (Zhwa dmar pa). He famously criticized Mipam Rinpoche's commentary to the ninth chapter of the Bodhicaryāvātara, The Ketaka Gem.
A headmaster of Kumbum Dünkhor Dratsang (Sku 'bum dus 'khor grwa tshang) and Kumbum Menpa Dratsang (Sku 'bum sman pa grwa tshang). Born in Tsongön Harge (Mtsho sngon har ge). A student of Shingza Paṇḍita Lobzang Tenpai Wangchuk and Nyakya Lharampa. A teacher of Yangkya Zhapdrung Ngawang Lobzang Tsultrim Puntsok.
One of the greatest scholar-practitioners of the Jonang tradition. Based largely at Dzamtang, he was considered the reincarnation of various masters, including the Indian saint Candrakīrti, the siddha Nāropa, and two famous early Jonang lamas, Tāranātha and Kunga Drölchok.
An important Rime Sakya master of Ngor Thartse Monastery and a student of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Lungtok Tenpai Nyima. A teacher of Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, Zhenpen Chökyi Nangwa, and Mipam Gyatso.
A student of the First Gyatrul, Dongak Tenzin; the Third Karma Kuchen; and Dongak Chökyi Nyima.
Also known as Kilung khen (Kiḥlung khen), he had a student named Khenpo Ngakga (Mkhan po ngag dga') and also wrote an explanation of pariṇāmanā, transfer of merit.
A student of Jamgön Kongtrul, Patrul Rinpoche, Mipam Gyatso, etc. A teacher of Mewa Khenchen Sönam Gönpo.
A prominent lineage holder of the Longchen Nyingtik. He was the eldest son of Dudjom Lingpa. He renovated Dodrubchen Monastery, the seat of his line established by his previous incarnation, spending the last decades of his life in near-seclusion in a hermitage nearby.
A scholar from Drepung, and a student of Gegen Dorje Bum, Drungsar Lama Lobzang Palden Tsultrim, Gyalrong Lama Könchok Zangpo, and Künga Nyendrak Gyatso. A teacher of Rahor Tülku Jamyang Drupai Wangpo, Jampa Tutop, Nyengön Tülku Dongak Chökyi Gyatso, and so on.
A teacher of Ngawang Puntsok Döndrup and The Second Dzongsar Khyentse, Jamyang Chökyi Lodrö.
A remarkable master who lived at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. He wrote The Great Medicine that Conquers Clinging to the Notion of Reality (Byang chub kyi sems bsgom pa'i rim pa bdag 'dzin 'joms pa'i sman chen). He was a disciple of the greatest luminaries of the nineteenth century, including Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye, and Lama Mipam Rinpoche.
A disciple of Orgyen Tendzin Norbu, he was the nineteenth abbot of Dzogchen's Śrī Siṃha college, the founder and first abbot of Dzongsar's Khamshe monastic college, and the teacher of countless Nyingma, Sakya, and Kagyu lamas. He and his disciples are said to have established nearly one hundred study centers, emphasizing the study of thirteen Indian root texts.
One of Patrul Rinpoche's main students and his principal biographer. He was also an important student of Mipam Rinpoche and the author of a famous commentary to his Beacon of Certainty (Nges shes sgron me). He is best known, however, for his commentary to the Bodhicaryāvatāra, based almost entirely on the teachings he received from Patrul Rinpoche. He was the first khenpo appointed to the shedra of Kathok Monastery, a position he passed on to Khenpo Ngawang Palzang, a.k.a. Khenpo Ngakchung.
A student of Khenchen Pema Tsewang Gyatso. A teacher of The Fifth Druktrül, Pema Tutop Dorje; The Fourth Tertön Wangchen Gyepai Dorje; Jikme Yeshe Nyingpo, and so forth.
A prolific author of the Palyul tradition.
He was known as a master of both sūtra and tantra, mainly focused in the Sakya tradition. He was also a specialist in astrology, skilled at drawing charts. He strictly observed the Vinaya, not eating after noon.
A student of Mipam Gyatso.
A renowned scholar born in Chisa in the Amdo Rebgong region. A student of Dzong Ngon Lodoe Tshang, Tsang Geshe Tshang, Zhwamar Pandita, Jampa Lobsang, Dzoge Lobsang Gyatsho, Horchen Yeshe Gyatsho, etc. He was an important holder of Tsongkhapa's transmission of the Whisper Lineage (Snyan rgyud). His primary students were Tulku Jamyang Thinle Wangpo, Dzongkar Jigme Sherab Dagpa, Tulku Jigme Thinle Lhundup, Nangso Kukey, and Khaso Chogtrul.
Teacher of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, especially influential for the Bodhicaryāvatāra.
Wrote an interlinear commentary (mchan 'grel) on the Bodhicaryāvatāra.
A student of The Fourth Dodrupchen, Jikme Trinle Palbar; Adro Ngawang Norbu; Khenchen Lhagang; Lingla Tupten Trinle Gyatso, etc. A teacher of The Tenth Tingkyé Gönjang, Orgyen Jikme Trinle Kunkhyap; Minling Khotrul; Gyalse Tulku, etc.
Celebrated contemporary Sakya scholar who held the office of abbot of Dzongsar Monastery.
A student of the Second Pabongkha, Dechen Nyingpo, and Tenzin Trinle Kunkhyen.
A student of Drakyap Lodrö Gyaltsen and Khenchen Appey.
A student of Gendun Chöpel and The Third Trijang, Lobzang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso.
The spiritual leader of Tibet. He was born on July 6, 1935 to a farming family in a small hamlet located in Taktser, Amdo, northeastern Tibet. At the age of two, the child, then named Lhamo Dhondup, was recognized as the reincarnation of the previous 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteśvara, or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet.
A student of Khenpo Zhenga Zhenpen Chökyi Nangwa and Chökyi Özer. A teacher of Khyenrab Senge, the 4th abbot of Khamshe Dargye Ling.
A prolific modern scholar from the Drikung Kagyu tradition and an author of many articles and books on Tibetan history, culture, language, and Buddhist philosophy, presently living in Lhasa, Tibet.
An eminent scholar, also known as Jampal, Chagaptsang ('Jam dpal, cha 'gab tshang). He has as also written on Tibetan language and literature.
