Madhyamakāvatāra

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मध्यमकावतार
Madhyamakāvatāra
དབུ་མ་ལ་འཇུག་པ།
dbu ma la 'jug pa
Entering into the Middle Way (84000)
Text


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Madhyamakāvatāra. (T. Dbu ma la 'jug pa). In Sanskrit, "Entrance to the Middle Way" (translated also as "Supplement to the Middle Way"); the major independent (as opposed to commentarial) work of the seventh-century Indian master Candrakīrti, who states that it is intended as an avatāra (variously rendered as "primer," "entrance," and "supplement") to Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. The work is written in verse, to which the author provides an extensive prose commentary (bhāṣya). The work is organized around ten "productions of the aspiration to enlightenment" (bodhicittotpāda), which correspond to the ten stages (bhūmi) of the bodhisattva path (drawn largely from the Daśabhūmikasūtra) and their respective perfections (pāramitā), describing the salient practices and attainments of each. These are followed by chapters on the qualities of the bodhisattva, on the stage of buddhahood, and a conclusion. The lengthiest (comprising approximately half of the work) and most important chapter of the text is the sixth, dealing with the perfection of wisdom (prajñāpāramitā). This is one of the most extensive and influential expositions in Indian literature of Madhyamaka philosophical positions. In it, Candrakīrti provides a detailed discussion of the two truths—ultimate truth (paramārthasatya) and conventional truth (saṃvṛtisatya)—arguing that all things that have these two natures and that conventional truths (which he glosses as "concealing truths") are not in fact true because they appear falsely to the ignorant consciousness. He also discusses the crucial question of valid knowledge (pramāṇa) among the unenlightened, relating it to worldly consensus (lokaprasiddha). The sixth chapter also contains one of the most detailed refutations of Yogācāra in Madhyamaka literature, treating such topics as the three natures (trisvabhāva), the foundational consciousness (ālayavijñāna), and the statements in the sūtras that the three realms of existence are "mind-only" (cittamātra). This chapter also contains Candrakīrti's most famous contribution to Madhyamaka reasoning, the sevenfold reasoning designed to demonstrate the absence of a personal self (pudgalanairātmya). Adding to and elaborating upon a fivefold reasoning found in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Candrakīrti argues that the person does not intrinsically exist because of it: (1) not being the aggregates (skandha), (2) not being other than the aggregates, (3) not being the basis of the aggregates, (4) not depending on the aggregates, (5) not possessing the aggregates, (6) not being the shape of the aggregates, and (7) not being the composite of the aggregates. He illustrates this reasoning by applying it to the example of a chariot, which, he argues, is not to be found among its constituent parts. The sixth chapter concludes with a discussion of the sixteen and the twenty forms of emptiness (śūnyatā), which include the emptiness of emptiness (śūnyatāśūnyatā). The work was the most widely studied and commented upon Madhyamaka text in Tibet among all sects, serving, for example, as one of the "five texts" (zhung lnga) that formed the Dge lugs scholastic curriculum. The work is preserved only in Tibetan, although a Sanskrit manuscript of verses has been discovered in Tibet. (Source: "Madhyamakāvatāra." In The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, 489. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.)
Quoted in the aligned translations
Reference
Candrakīrti (ཟླ་བ་གྲགས་པ་). Madhyamakāvatāra [मध्यमकावतार]. dbu ma la 'jug pa [དབུ་མ་ལ་འཇུག་པ།]. [Entering into the Middle Way (84000)]. Translated by Pa tshab lo tsA ba nyi ma grags pa, Tilakakalaśa, Kṛṣṇapaṇḍita, Nag 'tsho lo tsA ba tshul khrims rgyal ba. Tengyur, RKTST 3206 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=3206&typ=2.
Interconnections
All 16Books 10Articles 3Classical Works 3
1 Recensions
Li Xuezhu China Tibetology Research Center.jpg
Articles2015About this item
The present paper provides a critical edition of basic verses of Madhyamakāvatāra chapter 6. The verses are extracted from the Sanskrit manuscript of the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya preserved at Potala Palace. The Madhyamakāvatāra is one of Candrakīrti’s major works and clearly establishes his own doctrinal position. Chapter 6 (about two-thirds of the entire text) contains most important doctrinal discussions of the work.
1 Full translations
Introduction to the Middle Way-front.jpg
Books2002About this item
Introduction to the Middle Way presents an adventure into the heart of Buddhist wisdom through the Madhyamika, or "middle way," teachings, which are designed to take the ordinary intellect to the limit of its powers and then show that there is more.

This book includes a verse translation of the Madhyamakavatara by the renowned seventh-century Indian master Chandrakirti, an extremely influential text of Mahayana Buddhism, followed by an exhaustive logical explanation of its meaning by the modern Tibetan master Jamgön Mipham, composed approximately twelve centuries later. Chandrakirti's work is an introduction to the Madhyamika teachings of Nagarjuna, which are themselves a systematization of the Prajnaparamita, or "Perfection of Wisdom" literature, the sutras on the crucial but elusive concept of emptiness.

Chandrakirti's work has been accepted throughout Tibetan Buddhism as the highest expression of the Buddhist view on the sutra level. With Jamgön Mipham's commentary, it is a definitive presentation of the wisdom of emptiness, a central theme of Buddhist teachings. This book is a core study text for both academic students and practitioners of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. (Source: Shambhala Publications)
2 Classical commentaries
Tsongkhapa (R. Beer).jpg
Classical WorksAbout this item
This work is perhaps the most influential explanation of Candrakīrti's seventh-century classic Entering the Middle Way (Madhyamakāvatāra).

Written as a supplement to Nagarjuna’s Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, Candrakīrti’s text integrates the central insight of Nagarjuna’s thought—the rejection of any metaphysical notion of intrinsic existence—with the well-known Mahayana framework of the ten levels of the bodhisattva, and it became the most studied presentation of Madhyamaka thought in Tibet.

Completed the year before the author’s death, Tsongkhapa’s exposition of Candrakīrti's text is recognized by the Tibetan tradition as the final standpoint of Tsongkhapa on many philosophical questions, particularly the clear distinctions it draws between the standpoints of the Madhyamaka and Cittamatra schools.

Written in exemplary Tibetan, Tsongkhapa’s work presents a wonderful marriage of rigorous Madhyamaka philosophical analysis with a detailed and subtle account of the progressively advancing mental states and spiritual maturity realized by sincere Madhyamaka practitioners. (Source: Thupten Jinpa, Illuminating the Intent, 2021)
Chandrakirti.jpeg
Classical WorksAbout this item
Candrakīrti's Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya (Commentary on the Entrance to the Middle Way) is an auto-commentary on his root text, the Madhyamakāvatāra, composed in seventh-century India. As one of the most important texts in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist philosophy, it presents Candrakīrti's systematic exposition of Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka philosophy. The text is organized around the ten bodhisattva stages, though the sixth chapter—on the perfection of wisdom—is by far the most extensive and philosophically significant, containing detailed analyses of emptiness, the two truths (conventional and ultimate), and extensive polemics against competing Buddhist schools, particularly the Yogācāra and Bhāvaviveka's Madhyamaka interpretation. Candrakīrti is known for his distinctive prasaṅga approach, using reductio ad absurdum arguments to refute opponents without establishing positive theses, and for rejecting autonomous syllogisms in favor of purely dialectical reasoning. While his interpretation was initially less influential in India than Bhāvaviveka's, it became dominant in Tibet after translation, where the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya became a foundational text for the Geluk school and other traditions. It remains central to Tibetan monastic curricula today, serving as the definitive commentary on Madhyamaka emptiness philosophy.
3 Partial translations
Candrakirtis Middle Way-front.jpg
Books2026About this item
A classic Indian work on the Mahayana Buddhist philosophy of emptiness by one of its greatest exponents is unlocked for contemporary readers in this new translation with lucid verse-by-verse explanations.

The Middle Way, or Madhyamaka, school of Indian Buddhist philosophy is known for its explication of emptiness (śūnyatā), and after Nāgārjuna—the second-century founder of the school—its most well-known defender is Candrakīrti (seventh century). Until recently, the Madhyamakāvatāra, one of Candrakīrti’s major works, was known primarily through its Tibetan translation, but with the publication of the Sanskrit verses from a manuscript discovered at the Potala Palace in Lhasa, we can now access Candrakīrti’s words in their original language.

Chapter 6 of the Madhyamakāvatāra, “Turned Toward” (abhimukhī), is roughly two thirds of the entire work, and it explicates the perfection of wisdom. As such, it contains Candrakīrti’s most detailed discussions of distinctively Madhyamaka teachings, defending Madhyamaka against accusations of nihilism and maintaining it has no thesis of its own. Answering objections from other Indian schools, both within and outside the Buddhist fold, he denies the ultimate reality of any and all existents, whether external or internal, and even of emptiness itself. While denying ultimates, he leaves conventionalities, arising dependently free of any absolute, to the world to confirm or deny.

The three main sections of chapter 6 are on the selflessness of phenomena, the selflessness of persons, and the varieties of emptiness. The first section is organized around the fourfold refutation of origination—from self, other, both, and neither—that begins Nāgārjuna’s root treatise of the Madhyamaka school. Candrakīrti takes up, in turn, Abhidharma realism, assertions of God or of Ātman, and Cārvāka materialism, but his main opponent is the Yogācāra school, which he calls Vijñānavāda. In his second section, he addresses Buddhist personalists (pudgalavāda) of the Saṃmatīya school, deploying his distinctive sevenfold analysis of a chariot and its parts.

All 226 verses of Candrakīrti’s chapter appear here in Sanskrit and in translation, accompanied by the authors’ clear distillation of Candrakīrti’s own commentary. (Source: Wisdom Publications)
Words of a Gentle Sage - Vol. 2 (Appey 2022)-front.jpg
Books2022About this item
Volume Two of this collection expands on Volume One with a series of longer, in-depth teachings by Khenchen Appey Rinpoche on five essential subjects:

1) A commentary to inspire faith, based on verses in praise of the Buddha’s immeasurable qualities from Sakya Paṇḍita's Clarifying the Sage's Intent.

2) Oral instructions based on Candrakīrti's Entering the Middle Way, offering a practical understanding of the Mahāyāna path as a whole.

3) A commentary on the first three chapters of Śāntideva's Way of the Bodhisattva, which includes an explanation of the ritual for the bodhicitta vow.

4) A rarely given explanation of Gorampa's profound teaching on dependent arising according to the four philosophical schools of Indian Buddhism, entitled Illumination of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa.

5) A detailed commentary on Samantabhadra's Noble Aspirations to Sublime Conduct, as the supreme means of dedication.

(Source: Chödung Karmo Translation Group)
1 Works containing teachings
Words of a Gentle Sage - Vol. 2 (Appey 2022)-front.jpg
Books2022About this item
Volume Two of this collection expands on Volume One with a series of longer, in-depth teachings by Khenchen Appey Rinpoche on five essential subjects:

1) A commentary to inspire faith, based on verses in praise of the Buddha’s immeasurable qualities from Sakya Paṇḍita's Clarifying the Sage's Intent.

2) Oral instructions based on Candrakīrti's Entering the Middle Way, offering a practical understanding of the Mahāyāna path as a whole.

3) A commentary on the first three chapters of Śāntideva's Way of the Bodhisattva, which includes an explanation of the ritual for the bodhicitta vow.

4) A rarely given explanation of Gorampa's profound teaching on dependent arising according to the four philosophical schools of Indian Buddhism, entitled Illumination of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa.

5) A detailed commentary on Samantabhadra's Noble Aspirations to Sublime Conduct, as the supreme means of dedication.

(Source: Chödung Karmo Translation Group)
8 A topic of
Candrakirtis Middle Way-front.jpg
Books2026About this item
A classic Indian work on the Mahayana Buddhist philosophy of emptiness by one of its greatest exponents is unlocked for contemporary readers in this new translation with lucid verse-by-verse explanations.

The Middle Way, or Madhyamaka, school of Indian Buddhist philosophy is known for its explication of emptiness (śūnyatā), and after Nāgārjuna—the second-century founder of the school—its most well-known defender is Candrakīrti (seventh century). Until recently, the Madhyamakāvatāra, one of Candrakīrti’s major works, was known primarily through its Tibetan translation, but with the publication of the Sanskrit verses from a manuscript discovered at the Potala Palace in Lhasa, we can now access Candrakīrti’s words in their original language.

Chapter 6 of the Madhyamakāvatāra, “Turned Toward” (abhimukhī), is roughly two thirds of the entire work, and it explicates the perfection of wisdom. As such, it contains Candrakīrti’s most detailed discussions of distinctively Madhyamaka teachings, defending Madhyamaka against accusations of nihilism and maintaining it has no thesis of its own. Answering objections from other Indian schools, both within and outside the Buddhist fold, he denies the ultimate reality of any and all existents, whether external or internal, and even of emptiness itself. While denying ultimates, he leaves conventionalities, arising dependently free of any absolute, to the world to confirm or deny.

The three main sections of chapter 6 are on the selflessness of phenomena, the selflessness of persons, and the varieties of emptiness. The first section is organized around the fourfold refutation of origination—from self, other, both, and neither—that begins Nāgārjuna’s root treatise of the Madhyamaka school. Candrakīrti takes up, in turn, Abhidharma realism, assertions of God or of Ātman, and Cārvāka materialism, but his main opponent is the Yogācāra school, which he calls Vijñānavāda. In his second section, he addresses Buddhist personalists (pudgalavāda) of the Saṃmatīya school, deploying his distinctive sevenfold analysis of a chariot and its parts.

All 226 verses of Candrakīrti’s chapter appear here in Sanskrit and in translation, accompanied by the authors’ clear distillation of Candrakīrti’s own commentary. (Source: Wisdom Publications)
Tsongkhapa (R. Beer).jpg
Classical WorksAbout this item
This work is perhaps the most influential explanation of Candrakīrti's seventh-century classic Entering the Middle Way (Madhyamakāvatāra).

Written as a supplement to Nagarjuna’s Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, Candrakīrti’s text integrates the central insight of Nagarjuna’s thought—the rejection of any metaphysical notion of intrinsic existence—with the well-known Mahayana framework of the ten levels of the bodhisattva, and it became the most studied presentation of Madhyamaka thought in Tibet.

Completed the year before the author’s death, Tsongkhapa’s exposition of Candrakīrti's text is recognized by the Tibetan tradition as the final standpoint of Tsongkhapa on many philosophical questions, particularly the clear distinctions it draws between the standpoints of the Madhyamaka and Cittamatra schools.

Written in exemplary Tibetan, Tsongkhapa’s work presents a wonderful marriage of rigorous Madhyamaka philosophical analysis with a detailed and subtle account of the progressively advancing mental states and spiritual maturity realized by sincere Madhyamaka practitioners. (Source: Thupten Jinpa, Illuminating the Intent, 2021)
Illuminating the Intent-front.jpg
Books2021About this item
This work is perhaps the most influential explanation of Candrakirti's seventh-century classic Entering the Middle Way (Madhyamakavatara).

Written as a supplement to Nagarjuna's Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, Candrakirti's text integrates the central insight of Nagarjuna's thought—the rejection of any metaphysical notion of intrinsic existence—with the well-known Mahayana framework of the ten levels of the bodhisattva, and it became the most studied presentation of Madhyamaka thought in Tibet.

Completed the year before the author's death, Tsongkhapa's exposition of Candrakirti's text is recognized by the Tibetan tradition as the final standpoint of Tsongkhapa on many philosophical questions, particularly the clear distinctions it draws between the standpoints of the Madhyamaka and Cittamatra schools.

Written in exemplary Tibetan, Tsongkhapa's work presents a wonderful marriage of rigorous Madhyamaka philosophical analysis with a detailed and subtle account of the progressively advancing mental states and spiritual maturity realized by sincere Madhyamaka practitioners.

The work remains the principal textbook for the study of Indian Madhyamaka philosophy in many Tibetan monastic colleges, and it is a principal source for many Tibetan teachers seeking to convey the intricacies of Madhyamaka philosophy to non-Tibetan audiences.

Though it is often cited and well known, this is the first full translation of this key work in a Western language. (Source: Wisdom Publications)
Introduction to the Middle Way-front.jpg
Books2002About this item
Introduction to the Middle Way presents an adventure into the heart of Buddhist wisdom through the Madhyamika, or "middle way," teachings, which are designed to take the ordinary intellect to the limit of its powers and then show that there is more.

This book includes a verse translation of the Madhyamakavatara by the renowned seventh-century Indian master Chandrakirti, an extremely influential text of Mahayana Buddhism, followed by an exhaustive logical explanation of its meaning by the modern Tibetan master Jamgön Mipham, composed approximately twelve centuries later. Chandrakirti's work is an introduction to the Madhyamika teachings of Nagarjuna, which are themselves a systematization of the Prajnaparamita, or "Perfection of Wisdom" literature, the sutras on the crucial but elusive concept of emptiness.

Chandrakirti's work has been accepted throughout Tibetan Buddhism as the highest expression of the Buddhist view on the sutra level. With Jamgön Mipham's commentary, it is a definitive presentation of the wisdom of emptiness, a central theme of Buddhist teachings. This book is a core study text for both academic students and practitioners of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. (Source: Shambhala Publications)
Li Xuezhu China Tibetology Research Center.jpg
Articles2015About this item
The present paper provides a critical edition of basic verses of Madhyamakāvatāra chapter 6. The verses are extracted from the Sanskrit manuscript of the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya preserved at Potala Palace. The Madhyamakāvatāra is one of Candrakīrti’s major works and clearly establishes his own doctrinal position. Chapter 6 (about two-thirds of the entire text) contains most important doctrinal discussions of the work.
Forgues-Gregory-Darthmouth-2026.png
Articles2025About this item
Bodhicitta, the "mind of awakening," constitutes the foundational principle of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This essay traces the concept's historical and doctrinal genesis from its pre-Mahāyāna antecedents to its full articulation in the Indian and Tibetan traditions. It explores the main scriptural and scholastic sources in India, the two great Indian lineages of practice—the "Profound View" of Nāgārjuna and the "Vast Conduct" of Asaṅga—and the pivotal role of Atiśa Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna in transmitting and systematizing these teachings in Tibet. The article further details how Atiśa's Kadam school and its core mind training (lojong) teachings influenced the subsequent development of bodhicitta cultivation in the Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Geluk schools. Bodhicitta is not a static concept but a dynamic, multifaceted principle that functions as the soteriological core of the Mahāyāna path, embodying the indivisible union of universal compassion and the profound wisdom that realizes emptiness.
Words of a Gentle Sage - Vol. 2 (Appey 2022)-front.jpg
Books2022About this item
Volume Two of this collection expands on Volume One with a series of longer, in-depth teachings by Khenchen Appey Rinpoche on five essential subjects:

1) A commentary to inspire faith, based on verses in praise of the Buddha’s immeasurable qualities from Sakya Paṇḍita's Clarifying the Sage's Intent.

2) Oral instructions based on Candrakīrti's Entering the Middle Way, offering a practical understanding of the Mahāyāna path as a whole.

3) A commentary on the first three chapters of Śāntideva's Way of the Bodhisattva, which includes an explanation of the ritual for the bodhicitta vow.

4) A rarely given explanation of Gorampa's profound teaching on dependent arising according to the four philosophical schools of Indian Buddhism, entitled Illumination of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa.

5) A detailed commentary on Samantabhadra's Noble Aspirations to Sublime Conduct, as the supreme means of dedication.

(Source: Chödung Karmo Translation Group)



Madhyamakāvatāra/Full text