Madhyamakāvatāra

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मध्यमकावतार
Madhyamakāvatāra
དབུ་མ་ལ་འཇུག་པ།
dbu ma la 'jug pa
Entering into the Middle Way (84000)
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Madhyamakāvatāra. (T. Dbu ma la 'jug pa). In Sanskrit, "Entrance to the Middle Way" (translated also as "Supplement to the Middle Way"); the major independent (as opposed to commentarial) work of the seventh-century Indian master Candrakīrti, who states that it is intended as an avatāra (variously rendered as "primer," "entrance," and "supplement") to Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. The work is written in verse, to which the author provides an extensive prose commentary (bhāṣya). The work is organized around ten "productions of the aspiration to enlightenment" (bodhicittotpāda), which correspond to the ten stages (bhūmi) of the bodhisattva path (drawn largely from the Daśabhūmikasūtra) and their respective perfections (pāramitā), describing the salient practices and attainments of each. These are followed by chapters on the qualities of the bodhisattva, on the stage of buddhahood, and a conclusion. The lengthiest (comprising approximately half of the work) and most important chapter of the text is the sixth, dealing with the perfection of wisdom (prajñāpāramitā). This is one of the most extensive and influential expositions in Indian literature of Madhyamaka philosophical positions. In it, Candrakīrti provides a detailed discussion of the two truths—ultimate truth (paramārthasatya) and conventional truth (saṃvṛtisatya)—arguing that all things that have these two natures and that conventional truths (which he glosses as "concealing truths") are not in fact true because they appear falsely to the ignorant consciousness. He also discusses the crucial question of valid knowledge (pramāṇa) among the unenlightened, relating it to worldly consensus (lokaprasiddha). The sixth chapter also contains one of the most detailed refutations of Yogācāra in Madhyamaka literature, treating such topics as the three natures (trisvabhāva), the foundational consciousness (ālayavijñāna), and the statements in the sūtras that the three realms of existence are "mind-only" (cittamātra). This chapter also contains Candrakīrti's most famous contribution to Madhyamaka reasoning, the sevenfold reasoning designed to demonstrate the absence of a personal self (pudgalanairātmya). Adding to and elaborating upon a fivefold reasoning found in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Candrakīrti argues that the person does not intrinsically exist because of it: (1) not being the aggregates (skandha), (2) not being other than the aggregates, (3) not being the basis of the aggregates, (4) not depending on the aggregates, (5) not possessing the aggregates, (6) not being the shape of the aggregates, and (7) not being the composite of the aggregates. He illustrates this reasoning by applying it to the example of a chariot, which, he argues, is not to be found among its constituent parts. The sixth chapter concludes with a discussion of the sixteen and the twenty forms of emptiness (śūnyatā), which include the emptiness of emptiness (śūnyatāśūnyatā). The work was the most widely studied and commented upon Madhyamaka text in Tibet among all sects, serving, for example, as one of the "five texts" (zhung lnga) that formed the Dge lugs scholastic curriculum. The work is preserved only in Tibetan, although a Sanskrit manuscript of verses has been discovered in Tibet. (Source: "Madhyamakāvatāra." In The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, 489. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.)
Citation
Candrakīrti (ཟླ་བ་གྲགས་པ་). Madhyamakāvatāra [मध्यमकावतार]. dbu ma la 'jug pa [དབུ་མ་ལ་འཇུག་པ།]. [Entering into the Middle Way (84000)]. Translated by Pa tshab lo tsA ba nyi ma grags pa, Tilakakalaśa, Kṛṣṇapaṇḍita, Nag 'tsho lo tsA ba tshul khrims rgyal ba. Tengyur, RKTST 3206 http://www.rkts.org/cat.php?id=3206&typ=2.


Recensions

 
Madhyamakāvatāra-kārikā Chapter 6
The present paper provides a critical edition of basic verses of Madhyamakāvatāra chapter 6. The verses are extracted from the Sanskrit manuscript of the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya preserved at Potala Palace. The Madhyamakāvatāra is one of Candrakīrti’s major works and clearly establishes his own doctrinal position. Chapter 6 (about two-thirds of the entire text) contains most important doctrinal discussions of the work.
Article

Full translations

 
Introduction to the Middle Way
Introduction to the Middle Way presents an adventure into the heart of Buddhist wisdom through the Madhyamika, or "middle way," teachings, which are designed to take the ordinary intellect to the limit of its powers and then show that there is more.

This book includes a verse translation of the Madhyamakavatara by the renowned seventh-century Indian master Chandrakirti, an extremely influential text of Mahayana Buddhism, followed by an exhaustive logical explanation of its meaning by the modern Tibetan master Jamgön Mipham, composed approximately twelve centuries later. Chandrakirti's work is an introduction to the Madhyamika teachings of Nagarjuna, which are themselves a systematization of the Prajnaparamita, or "Perfection of Wisdom" literature, the sutras on the crucial but elusive concept of emptiness.

Chandrakirti's work has been accepted throughout Tibetan Buddhism as the highest expression of the Buddhist view on the sutra level. With Jamgön Mipham's commentary, it is a definitive presentation of the wisdom of emptiness, a central theme of Buddhist teachings. This book is a core study text for both academic students and practitioners of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. (Source: Shambhala Publications)
Book

Commentaries

 
Dbu ma la 'jug pa'i rnam bshad dgongs pa rab gsal
This work is perhaps the most influential explanation of Candrakīrti's seventh-century classic Entering the Middle Way (Madhyamakāvatāra).

Written as a supplement to Nagarjuna’s Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, Candrakīrti’s text integrates the central insight of Nagarjuna’s thought—the rejection of any metaphysical notion of intrinsic existence—with the well-known Mahayana framework of the ten levels of the bodhisattva, and it became the most studied presentation of Madhyamaka thought in Tibet.

Completed the year before the author’s death, Tsongkhapa’s exposition of Candrakīrti's text is recognized by the Tibetan tradition as the final standpoint of Tsongkhapa on many philosophical questions, particularly the clear distinctions it draws between the standpoints of the Madhyamaka and Cittamatra schools.

Written in exemplary Tibetan, Tsongkhapa’s work presents a wonderful marriage of rigorous Madhyamaka philosophical analysis with a detailed and subtle account of the progressively advancing mental states and spiritual maturity realized by sincere Madhyamaka practitioners. (Source: Thupten Jinpa, Illuminating the Intent, 2021)
Text
 
Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya
Candrakīrti's Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya (Commentary on the Entrance to the Middle Way) is an auto-commentary on his root text, the Madhyamakāvatāra, composed in seventh-century India. As one of the most important texts in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist philosophy, it presents Candrakīrti's systematic exposition of Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka philosophy. The text is organized around the ten bodhisattva stages, though the sixth chapter—on the perfection of wisdom—is by far the most extensive and philosophically significant, containing detailed analyses of emptiness, the two truths (conventional and ultimate), and extensive polemics against competing Buddhist schools, particularly the Yogācāra and Bhāvaviveka's Madhyamaka interpretation. Candrakīrti is known for his distinctive prasaṅga approach, using reductio ad absurdum arguments to refute opponents without establishing positive theses, and for rejecting autonomous syllogisms in favor of purely dialectical reasoning. While his interpretation was initially less influential in India than Bhāvaviveka's, it became dominant in Tibet after translation, where the Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya became a foundational text for the Geluk school and other traditions. It remains central to Tibetan monastic curricula today, serving as the definitive commentary on Madhyamaka emptiness philosophy.
Text

Partial translations

 
Indian Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy after Nagarjuna, Vol. 2
This volume contains the central philosophical writings of Candrakīrti and Śāntideva and two Madhyamaka critiques of a creator God.
Book
 
Words of a Gentle Sage - Vol. 2 (Appey 2022)
Volume Two of this collection expands on Volume One with a series of longer, in-depth teachings by Khenchen Appey Rinpoche on five essential subjects:

1) A commentary to inspire faith, based on verses in praise of the Buddha’s immeasurable qualities from Sakya Paṇḍita's Clarifying the Sage's Intent.

2) Oral instructions based on Candrakīrti's Entering the Middle Way, offering a practical understanding of the Mahāyāna path as a whole.

3) A commentary on the first three chapters of Śāntideva's Way of the Bodhisattva, which includes an explanation of the ritual for the bodhicitta vow.

4) A rarely given explanation of Gorampa's profound teaching on dependent arising according to the four philosophical schools of Indian Buddhism, entitled Illumination of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa.

5) A detailed commentary on Samantabhadra's Noble Aspirations to Sublime Conduct, as the supreme means of dedication.

(Source: Chödung Karmo Translation Group)
Book

Teachings

 
Words of a Gentle Sage - Vol. 2 (Appey 2022)
Volume Two of this collection expands on Volume One with a series of longer, in-depth teachings by Khenchen Appey Rinpoche on five essential subjects:

1) A commentary to inspire faith, based on verses in praise of the Buddha’s immeasurable qualities from Sakya Paṇḍita's Clarifying the Sage's Intent.

2) Oral instructions based on Candrakīrti's Entering the Middle Way, offering a practical understanding of the Mahāyāna path as a whole.

3) A commentary on the first three chapters of Śāntideva's Way of the Bodhisattva, which includes an explanation of the ritual for the bodhicitta vow.

4) A rarely given explanation of Gorampa's profound teaching on dependent arising according to the four philosophical schools of Indian Buddhism, entitled Illumination of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa.

5) A detailed commentary on Samantabhadra's Noble Aspirations to Sublime Conduct, as the supreme means of dedication.

(Source: Chödung Karmo Translation Group)
Book

Number 3206
Canon mdo
Sanskrit madhyamakāvatāra (D)
Alternate Titles dbu ma la 'jug pa zhes bya ba;dbu ma la 'jug pa
Alternate Titles - Sanskrit madhyamakāvatāra;madhyamakāvatāra-nāma
Author Candrakīrti
Author (Tibetan) slob dpon zla ba grags pa
Translator bod kyi lo ts+tsha ba ban+de pa tshab nyi ma grags
Translator Pandita rgya gar gyi mkhan po ti la ka
Colophon dbu ma la 'jug pa zab pa dang rgya che ba'i tshul gsal bar byed pa/_slob dpon zla ba grags pa theg pa mchog la thugs gzhol ba/_/mi 'phrogs pa'i mkhyen rab dang thugs rje mnga' ba/_ri mor bris pa'i ba drus las 'o ma bzhos pas bden par zhen pa bzlog par mdzad pas sbyar ba rdzogs so
Title from Colophon dbu ma la 'jug pa zab pa dang rgya che ba'i tshul gsal bar byed pa


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