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French Orientalist and seminal figure in the development of Buddhist Studies as an academic discipline. He was born in Paris on April 8, 1801, the son of the distinguished classicist Jean-Louis Burnouf (1773–1844). He received instruction in Greek and Latin from his father and studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. He entered the École des Chartes in 1822, receiving degrees in both letters and law in 1824. He then turned to the study of Sanskrit, both with his father and with Antoine Léonard de Chézy (1773–1832). In 1826, Burnouf published, in collaboration with the young Norwegian-German scholar Christian Lassen (1800–1876), ''Essai sur le pâli'' (“Essay on Pāli”). After the death of Chézy, Burnouf was appointed to succeed his teacher in the chair of Sanskrit at the Collège de France. His students included some of the greatest scholars of the day; those who would contribute to Buddhist studies included Philippe Edouard Foucaux (1811–1894) and Friedrich Max Müller. Shortly after his appointment to the chair of Sanskrit, the Société Asiatique, of which Burnouf was secretary, received a communication from Brian Houghton Hodgson, British resident at the court of Nepal, offering to send Sanskrit manuscripts of Buddhist texts to Paris. The receipt of these texts changed the direction of Burnouf's scholarship for the remainder his life. After perusing the ''Aṣtasāhasrikāprajñāpãramitā'' and the ''Lalitavistara'', he decided to translate the ''Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra''. Having completed the translation, he decided to precede its publication with a series of studies. He completed only the first of these, published in 1844 as ''Introduction à l’histoire du Buddhisme indien''. This massive work is regarded as the foundational text for the academic study of Buddhism in the West. (Source: "Burnouf, Eugène." In ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', 158. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.) +
A teacher of Rin chen bzang po, the second gangs dkar bla ma, (b.1317 – d.1383). From 1335 onward, he was active at Gsang phu in Central Tibet. ([https://library.bdrc.io/show/bdr:P1827 Source Accessed Feb 8, 2023]) +
Tone Gleditsch Stabell (born 31 May 1966 in Tønsberg) is a Norwegian author who has especially written poetry and children's books . She grew up as Tone Lie and published books under the name Tone Lie Bøttinger from 1991 to 2004. As an adult, she studied teacher training at Vestfold University College . ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=no&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_Gleditsch_Stabell&prev=search&pto=aue Source Accesed Mar 23, 2021]) +
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José Ignacio Cabezón is XIVth Dalai Lama Professor of Tibetan Buddhism and Cultural Studies, and former chair of the Religious Studies Department at UC Santa Barbara. He has published a dozen books and numerous articles related to Tibetan and Buddhist Studies including several translations. His most recent books include [https://wisdomexperience.org/product/sera-monastery/ ''Sera Monastery''] (Wisdom 2019), [https://wisdomexperience.org/product/sexuality-classical-south-asian-buddhism/ ''Sexuality in Classical South Asian Buddhism''] (Wisdom 2017), [https://www.shambhala.com/the-just-king-14972.html ''The Just King''] (Snow Lion 2017), [https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199958603.001.0001/acprof-9780199958603 ''The Buddhist Doctrine and the Nine Vehicles''] (Oxford 2012), and [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tibetan-ritual-9780195392821?q=Tibetan%20Ritual&lang=en&cc=us ''Tibetan Ritual''] (Oxford 2010). +
Elizabeth Callahan began her contemplative training and study in the Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism in 1977 and completed two three-year retreats at Kagyu Thubten Chöling, New York, under the direction of Kalu Rinpoche. She is a student of Khenpo Tsültrim Gyamtso Rinpoche and has translated key texts of the Kagyu tradition, including ''Mahamudra: Ocean of Definitive Meaning'', ''Profound Inner Principles'' (2015), ''Moonbeams of Mahāmudrā'' (2019), and, most recently, ''The Treasury of Precious Instructions: Marpa Kagyu, Part One'' (2023) and ''Part Two'' (2026-7). She has been a Tsadra Foundation Fellow since 2002 and is a director of [http://www.ktgrinpoche.org/marpa-network/marpa-foundation Marpa Foundation].
'''Current Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''
*''The Treasury of Precious Instructions: Essential Teachings of the Eight Practice Lineages of the Tibetan Buddhism, Vol. 9 & 10'' – Marpa Kagyu Tradition, various authors collected by Jamgön Kongtrul.
'''Completed Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''
*[https://www.shambhala.com/marpa-kagyu-vol-1.html Marpa Kagyu: Methods of Liberation - Part 2]. DNZ Volume 8. ''The Treasury of Precious Instructions: Essential Teachings of the Eight Practice Lineages of the Tibetan Buddhism, Vol. 8'' – Various authors collected by Jamgön Kongtrul. (2026 or 2027)
*[https://www.shambhala.com/marpa-kagyu-vol-1.html Marpa Kagyu: Methods of Liberation - Part 1]. DNZ Volume 7. ''The Treasury of Precious Instructions: Essential Teachings of the Eight Practice Lineages of the Tibetan Buddhism, Vol. 7'' – Various authors collected by Jamgön Kongtrul. (Shambhala, 2023)
*''[https://www.shambhala.com/moonbeams-of-mahamudra-9781559394802.html Moonbeams of Mahāmudrā]'', Dakpo Tashi Namgyal, with ''Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance'' by Wangchuk Dorje, the Ninth Karmapa. (Shambhala, 2019)
*''[https://www.shambhala.com/the-profound-inner-principles.html The Profound Inner Principles]'', Karmapa Rangjung Dorje, with commentary by Jamgön Kongtrul. (Shambhala, 2015)
*''[https://www.shambhala.com/treasury-of-knowledge-book-6-part-3.html The Treasury of Knowledge: Book VI, Part 3; Frameworks of Buddhist Philosophy]'', Jamgön Kongtrul. (Shambhala, 2007)
'''Previously Published Translations:'''<br>
*''Mahamudra: Ocean of Definitive Meaning'', the Ninth Karmapa, Wangchuk Dorje [http://www.tsadra.org/translators/elizabeth-callahan/ Source: Tsadra.org]
Radu Claudiu Canahai was born on January 21, 1971 in Salonta, Bihor County. He graduated from the Faculty of Geography at Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, class of 1997, with a bachelor's thesis on traditional occupations in Tei Beiusului. As an amateur, he is concerned with the theoretical and practical aspects of Eastern mystical traditions, Hellenistic astrology and its cultural metamorphoses, the history of the American West, the history of culture and civilization. He worked as a journalist for a local weekly. ([https://www.edituraherald.ro/autori/radu-claudiu-canahai Adapted from Source Dec 10, 2021]) +
Candragomin. (T. Btsun pa zla ba). Fifth-century CE Indian lay poet and grammarian, who made substantial contributions to Sanskrit grammar, founding what was known as the Cāndra school. A junior contemporary of the great Kālidāsa, Candragomin was one of the most accomplished poets in the history of Indian Buddhism. His play ''Lokānanda'', which tells the story of the bodhisattva king Maṇicūḍa, is the oldest extant Buddhist play and was widely performed in the centuries after
its composition. He was a devotee of Tārā and composed several works in her praise. Tibetan works describe him as a proponent of Vijñānavãda who engaged in debate with Candrakīrti, but there is little philosophical content in his works that can be confidently ascribed to him. Among those works are the "Letter to a Disciple" (''Śiṣyalekha''), the "Confessional Praise" (''Deśanāstava''), and perhaps the "Twenty Verses on the Bodhisattva Precepts" (''Bodhisattvasaṃvaraviṃśaka''). (Source: "Candragomin." In ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', 165. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.) +
John Canti is a Buddhist practitioner, translator, physician and the current Editorial Director of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. John first had contact with Buddhist teachers while studying medicine at Cambridge University in England, and started to practice under their guidance. In 1972, he met Dudjom Rinpoche, who became one of his three principal teachers. The others were Kangyur Rinpoche and Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, both of whom he met soon afterwards.
In 1980 John undertook 2 consecutive three-year retreats retreats in the Dordogne, France, practicing under the guidance of Dudjom Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Pema Wangyal Rinpoche, and Nyoshul Khenpo. Inspired by their teachers and with the aim of making some of the major works of Tibetan Buddhism available to Western readers, John and some of his fellow retreatants formed the Padmakara Translation Group, of which he is now president. He also had the honor of serving Dudjom Rinpoche as physician during his final years, and subsequently coordinated the medical care of other lamas and practitioners in India, Nepal, and Europe, as well as that of three-year retreatants in the Dordogne.
Still based in the Dordogne, he has continued his translation work with Padmakara, and for many years was also a Tsadra Foundation Fellow. In 2009, John was appointed Editorial Chair of the 84000 project by Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche. ([https://84000.co/public-talk-sunday-dec-15th-berlin/ Source Accessed Jan 15, 2020]) +
Dr. Cathy Cantwell in an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Kent's School of Anthropology and Conservation.
Dr Cathy Cantwell first came to Kent for her undergraduate degree in Social Anthropology in 1975-78 and, after travelling in India the following year, she returned to Kent for her doctoral research. Her PhD (1989) was a study of a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Northern India, especially focusing on the annual cycle of ritual practice. Since the 1990s, she has principally worked on Tibetan textual research projects together with her husband, Robert Mayer, including a project at CSAC Kent with Professor Michael Fischer on an eighteenth century Tibetan manuscript collection.
While keeping her Kent association, Cathy has participated in research projects in Tibetan studies at the University of Bochum as a Mercator Fellow (2018-2019) and as a visiting Research Fellow (2015-2016), working on the theme of Religion and the Senses. She has been involved in the design of and work on a series of AHRC funded research projects at the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford (2002-2015), as well as one at the University of Cardiff (2006-2009). Major publications have included: ''A Noble Noose of Methods, the Lotus Garland Synopsis: A Mahāyoga Tantra and its Commentary'' (2012); ''Early Tibetan Documents on Phur pa from Dunhuang'' (2008); and ''The Kīlaya Nirvāṇa Tantra and the Vajra Wrath Tantra: two texts from the Ancient Tantra Collection'' (2007), written jointly with Robert Mayer, and published by The Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna.
Dr Cantwell retains her passionate interest in Tibetan rituals and tantric practice of all historical periods. As well as delving into archaeologically recovered tantric manuscripts dating from the tenth century, a book is in process on authorship, originality and innovation in Tibetan revelations (the output of a project at Oxford, 2010-2015), looking at textual developments over many generations, with a focus on the productions of Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (1904-1987).
Recent publications include an article on contemporary Tibetan 'Medicinal Accomplishment' rituals. Her major work on a twentieth-century Tibetan Buddhist master is also in press. A further forthcoming book on a twentieth century revelation of longevity rituals, co-authored with Geoffrey Samuel with contributions from Robert Mayer and P. Ogyan Tanzin, is entitled, ''The Seed of Immortal Life: Contexts and Meanings of a Tibetan Longevity Practice''. ([https://www.kent.ac.uk/anthropology-conservation/people/2909/cantwell-cathy Source Accessed Mar 18, 2021])
Daniel Capper received his BA and MA in Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. At the University of Wisconsin he studied Tibetan language. He earned a PhD in Religion and the Human Sciences from the University of Chicago Divinity School. He was an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Southern Mississippi and is currently an Adjunct Professor at Metropolitan State University of Denver in the Department of Philosophy. ([https://msudenver.academia.edu/DanielCapper/CurriculumVitae Source Accessed May 22, 2026]) +
Ibby Caputo is an award-winning journalist based in the United Kingdom. She has reported on U.S. prisoners in Iran for the public radio show ''The World'', on executions in Arkansas for ''Slate'' and on the gender pay gap for NPR and ''Boston Globe Magazine''. Ibby was a 2014 MIT-Knight Science Journalism Fellow. She received the 2019 Reporting Award from New York University’s Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and the 2019 Radio & Audio Funding Award from The Whickers to investigate racial and ethnic disparities in bone marrow transplantation for the BBC World Service.
Ibby’s journalism, essays and photography have been published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Slate, Boston Globe Magazine, The Chicago Tribune, Cape Cod Times, The Times-Picayune, theAtlantic.com, and elsewhere. She covered health care, transportation, and breaking news as a reporter for WGBH’s Boston Public Radio and WGBH TV. Her work has aired on WNYC and on ''The World'', NPR News, ''Morning Edition'', ''All Things Considered'', ''Weekend Edition'', ''Marketplace'' ''Morning Report'', ''Marketplace Tech'', ''Scene on Radio'', Australia Public Broadcasting’s ''Radiotonic'', and the BBC shows ''The Documentary'', ''Short Cuts'' and ''Boston Calling''. In 2017, she reported on the 91st General Assembly of the Arkansas State Legislature for ANNN, the Arkansas Nonprofit News Network.
Ibby was the Senior Editor of ''Overheard at National Geographic'' for the first three seasons. She has worked as a story editor for ''The World'' and West Virginia Public Broadcasting and for several podcasts including ''The Breakthrough'' from ProPublica; ''Seeking Peace'' from the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security; ''South of Fletcher: Stories from the Bowtie'' from Clockshop, ''Us and Them'', and ''Can We Talk'' from the Jewish Women’s Archive.
Ibby received an award for hard news and was part of the team that won an award for investigative reporting, both from The Associated Press. Her audio documentary, “Crying Dry Tears,” received first place in The Missouri Review’s 2016 Miller Audio Contest. Her documentary on gender discrimination in the workplace, “More Than Paper Cuts,” received a Clarion Award from the Association of Women in Communication. In 2018, Ibby was awarded a fellowship through the Japan Center for International Exchange to report in Tokyo, Kyoto and Hiroshima for ''The World''.
Ibby has taught audio journalism and podcasting at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, MIT, Harvard Law School, SALT, the PRX Podcast Garage, and West Virginia Public Broadcasting. ([https://ibbycaputo.com/ Source Accessed Jan 31, 2025])
Venerable Steve Carlier was born in the UK and has been studying Buddhism since the late 1970s, when he first met Lama Yeshe, the founder of the FPMT, and most of his other main teachers. He has been an ordained monk since 1979. Under Khensur Jampa Tegchok’s direction, Steve studied at Nalanda Monastery in France from 1982 to 1993, and followed this with eleven years of Geshe studies at Sera Je Monastery in Southern India. Steve has been translating for Khensur Jampa Tegchok since 1989. He has been teaching in the West for many years, sharing his rare experience of living and studying as a Westerner within the traditional Tibetan philosophical system. (Source: ''The Kindness of Others'', 2006) +
Amber Carpenter is Associate Professor at Yale-NUS College, and supervises doctoral students at the University of York. Dr. Carpenter specializes in Ancient Greek philosophy and Indian Buddhist philosophy. She is particularly concerned with the place of reason in a well-lived life— what might reason be that it could be ethically relevant, or even required? Addressing this question opens up lines of inquiry in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophical psychology.
Dr. Carpenter’s work considers the intersections of these areas of inquiry. In both Greece and India, metaphysics and epistemology mattered. Debates over them were parts of wider disputes about the nature and domain of the moral. Dr. Carpenter’s work in Ancient Greek philosophy focuses on Plato’s metaphysical ethics and related epistemological issues— including the intelligence of plants. Her book, Indian Buddhist Philosophy, appeared in 2014, and her study of the pudgalavādins can be found in The Moon Points Back (2015). In her current work, she creates a conversation between these two philosophical traditions, under the rubric ‘Metaphysics and Epistemology as Ethics’, as for instance in ‘Ethics of Substance’.
She recently held a fellowship with the Beacon Project, exploring “Ethical Ambitions and Their Formation of Character”.
Dr. Carpenter is currently Rector of Elm College, Yale-NUS. From 2015 to 2017, she was Head of Philosophy at Yale-NUS, where she initiated the Ancient Worlds Research Group. She was a co-founder of the Yorkshire Ancient Philosophy Network; and collaborates with Rachael Wiseman on the Integrity Project.
[https://integrityproject.org/amber-carpenter/ Read more at the Integrity Project] +
Patrick Carré holds a Masters and Ph.D. in Chinese (honorable mention), Paris VII. He completed a three-year retreat with Pema Wangyal Rinpoché from 1981–1983. He is a poet and author, the former director of the “Trésors du bouddhisme” collection at Éditions Fayard, and a member of Padmakara Translation Group. He has been a Tsadra Foundation Fellow since 2002.
'''Current Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''
*''Le Trésor de précieuses qualitiés, Book II'', by Jigme Lingpa, commentary Kangyour Rinpoche
'''Completed Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''
*''Une Lampe sur la chemin de la libération'', Dudjom Rinpoche
*''Soûtra de l’Entrée dans la dimension absolue, Gandavyuha sûtra''
*''Traité de la Continuité suprême du Grand Véhicule - Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, avec le commentaire de Jamgön Kongtrul Lodreu Thayé L'Incontestable Rugissement du lion''. Plazac: Éditions Padmakara, 2019
.
'''Previously Published Translations as a member of l’Association Padmakara, grantee of Tsadra Foundation:'''
*''Petites instructions essentielles'', Dudjom Rinpoche
*''Perles d’ambroisie'', (3 vols.), Kunzang Palden (with Christian Bruyat)
*''Bodhicaryavatara, La Marche vers l’Éveil'', Shantideva (with Christian Bruyat)
*''Les Stances fondamentales de la Voie médiane, Mûlamadhyamakakârikâ'', Nagarjuna
*''Le Trésor de précieuses qualités'', Jigmé Lingpa, commentary by Longchen Yéshé Dorjé Kangyour Rinpoche (with Gwénola le Serrec)
*''Le Lotus blanc, Explication détaillée de la Prière en Sept Vers de Gourou Rinpoche'', Mipham Namgyal (trans. Patrick Carré)
*''Les Cent conseils de Padampa Sangyé'', Dilgo Khyentse (trans. from English)
*''Mahasiddhas, La vie de 84 sages de l’Inde'', Abhayadatta (with Christian Bruyat)
*''Les Larmes du bodhisattva, Enseignements bouddhistes sur la consommation de chair animale'', Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol (from the English translation by Helena Blankleder and Wulstan Fletcher, trans. with Kim-Anh Lim and Vincent Horeau)
*''Au coeur de la compassion'', Gyalsé Thogmé Zangpo, commentary by Dilgo Khyentse (with Kim-Anh Lim
*Soûtra des Dix Terres: Dashabhûmika. Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2004. ([http://www.tsadra.org/translators/patrick-carre/ Source Accessed Jan 29, 2020])
Alex Catanese earned his PhD in Religious Studies from the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of ''Buddha in the Marketplace: The Commodification of Buddhist Objects in Tibet'' (UVA Press). He joined Tsadra Foundation staff in 2019 as an editor and content contributor. +
Vyvyan Cayley is an author and editor known for her work on Tibetan and Buddhist subjects. She authored ''Children of Tibet: An Oral History of the First Tibetans to Grow Up in Exile'', published in 1994 by Pearlfisher in Balmain. This book features a foreword by H.H. the Dalai Lama.
In addition to her own writing, Cayley has contributed to editing important Buddhist texts. She edited ''The Life of the Mahasiddha Tilopa'', a biography of the 11th-century Indian Buddhist master Tilopa, which was translated by Fabrizio Torricelli and Sangye T. Naga. This work is believed to have been originally composed by the Tibetan yogi Marpa Lotsawa. +
A diligent, student and cultivator, Dharma Master Heng Ch'ien has been one of the foremost students to sit at the feet of the Venerable Tripitaka Master Hsuan Hua. He studied the Dharma Blossom Sutra for over five years, and has been explaining it for more than four. His understanding of the Sutra is deep and comprehensive, and his lectures have made the Sutra's principles clear and easy to understand. ([http://www.dharmasite.net/vbs28/28_7.htm Adapted from Source Oct 1, 2022]) +
An eminent scholar, also known as 'Jam dpal, cha 'gab tshang. He has as also written on Tibetan language and literature. +
Monima Chadha is an Indian philosopher and Professor of Indian Philosophy at the University of Oxford. She is also Visiting Karp Fellow at the Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell University. Chadha is known for her works on philosophy of mind and Indian philosophy. She won the Annette Baier Prize for her paper on Buddhist Abhidharma theory of experience. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monima_Chadha Source Accessed Mar 9, 2016]) +
Chag lo tsā ba dge slong Dgra bcom (personal name: Tshul khrims shes rab, 1153–1216) was a Tibetan translator and the first of the four translators of the Chag lineage. He was born in Chag grong, the son of Mes bkra shis dga' ba, and received his first vows from Gu ru ba Chag ston chen po Rin chen tshul khrims. He received teachings from Steng lo Tshul khrims 'byung gnas, Mkhan po Dar ma brtson 'grus, Bshes gnyen Shāk grub, Gtsang dkar ba, and others. His teacher is listed as Steng pa lo tsā ba Tshul khrims 'byung gnas sbas pa, and his students included Grum ston Dar ma shes rab, Chag lo tsā ba Chos rje dpal, and Grub thob Gtsang zhig pa. (Source: [http://purl.bdrc.io/resource/P4440 BDRC]) +
