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Revision as of 07:00, 23 June 2022
Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra is undoubtedly one of the great classics of Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism. What sets it apart from other highly esteemed exemplars of Buddhist philosophical literature is its pragmatic approach to the bodhisattva path, making it both accessible and relatable to generations upon generations of aspiring practitioners. Written in the first person, Śāntideva states in the opening verses that "I wrote it only to habituate my mind," thus much of the treatise reads as an inner dialogue with the author addressing himself directly with a mixture of encouragement and admonishment- at times courageous and at others self-effacing. Most of all, Śāntideva utilizes reasoned argument as a means to internalize the intricacies of his philosophical studies and the foundations of the bodhisattva way of life. Therefore, his presentation of the path is not merely an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of the Mahāyāna philosophical traditions, though that can be found within its pages as well. Rather, the Bodhicaryāvatāra is an invitation to follow Śāntideva's lead and join the ranks of bodhisattvas walking upon this very path.
The notion of the path (marga) has many varied iterations throughout the Buddhist traditions. From early instances such as the Eightfold Path,[1] the last of the Four Truths expounded by the Buddha in his first teaching at Sarnath, which details the different disciplines of Buddhist practice, to the more developmental model of the Five Paths[2] that details successive stages of accomplishment and their corresponding shifts in focus. In the Mahāyāna, these five are commonly correlated with the ten bodhisattva grounds or stages (bhūmi), which begin from the the path of seeing, the third of the five. In terms of the trainings of a bodhisattva known as the six pāramitās, transcendent actions or perfections,[3] these are more in line with the presentation of the Eightfold Path, in that they are prescriptive instructions on how to conduct oneself in order to progress along the aforementioned paths and grounds. It is in this regard that sūtra based Mahāyāna is alternatively referred to as the Pāramitāyāna. Therefore, if we set aside the more technical usages of the term and consider the notion of the path more broadly as a well-worn route or a course of action, then it is possible to view Śāntideva's narrative in the Bodhicaryāvatāra as an articulation of his personal take on the bodhisattva path.
My faxed joke won a pager in the cable TV quiz show. Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes. My girl wove six dozen plaid jackets before she quit. Six big devils from Japan quickly forgot how to waltz. Big July earthquakes confound zany experimental vow. Foxy parsons quiz and cajole the lovably dim wiki-girl. Have a pick: twenty six letters - no forcing a jumbled quiz! Crazy Fredericka bought many very exquisite opal jewels. Sixty zippers were quickly picked from the woven jute bag. A quick movement of the enemy will jeopardize six gunboats. All questions asked by five watch experts amazed the judge. Jack quietly moved up front and seized the big ball of wax. The quick, brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. DJs flock by when MTV ax quiz prog.
Śāntideva's overall presentation of the bodhisattva path in the Bodhicaryāvatāra is fairly straightforward and involves the gradual development of the necessary skills to maintain steady progress and avoid lapses in motivation or discipline that inhibit spiritual growth. However, for the novice, they must first develop interest and confidence in the benefits of bodhicitta and thereby aspire to embody this altruistic attitude by taking the bodhisattva vow and committing themself to following the path. This initial stage involves engagement with various preparations needed on the side of the aspirant in order to align their outlook to the proper motivation, so that the vow will take root in the mind and bear fruit through its application. The bodhisattva path is then presented as the practice of the six pāramitās: generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, meditative concentration, and wisdom. The first of these is actually discussed in the context of mind training prior to taking the vow,[4] while discipline and patience are then explained in the context of maintaining one's commitment and stabilizing bodhicitta, while the latter three pāramitās are explained in the context of enhancing and further increasing or perfecting bodhicitta. Though, as Śāntideva puts it, the first five pāramitās were taught for sake of the sixth, wisdom, which corresponds to the direct experience of the true nature of reality, which in Śāntideva's Middle Way tradition is the perfect understanding of the emptiness of self and phenomena. The achievement of this corresponds to the attainment of the first bodhisattva ground or stage (bhūmi), known as Immense Joy (pramuditā), and from then on one is no longer considered an ordinary person, but rather a Noble One (ārya) capable of truly benefiting themselves and others. Therefore, Śāntideva's presentation covers the period starting from the initial spark of interest in the bodhisattva path up until the first major developmental plateau that is reached by traversing it.
Though it is a fairly recent 19th century Tibetan development, the Bodhicaryāvatāra is one of the very few Indian treatises that came to be taught widely outside of the confines of the traditional monastic curriculum and make the leap from a scholastic to a more public setting with largely lay audiences. Therefore, according to this tradition popularized by the famed Patrul Rinpoche, the chapters of the treatise are delineated based on the schema presented in a well known aspiration prayer that is believed to be of Indian origin, but is ubiquitous in the Tibetan tradition. As Patrul's student Khenpo Kunpal explains in The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech,
Notes
- ↑ These eight are correct view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
- ↑ These five are the paths of accumulation, joining, seeing, meditation, and no-more-learning.
- ↑ These six are generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, meditative concentration, and wisdom.
- ↑ It is a more aspirational form of generosity, rather than the practice of this pāramitā proper.
Some featured resources
Full Bibliography
- Parashar, Narain Chand. "A Critical Study of Ācārya Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra." PhD diss., University of Delhi, 1999.
Dissertation - Lam, Raymond Sze Hon H. "A Dialogue between Thomas Merton on Agape and Shantideva on Karuna: Some Moral Dimensions of a Catholic and Mahayana Exchange." BA Honors thesis, University of Queensland, 2009.
Dissertation - Williams, Paul. "A Response to John Pettit." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 6 (1999): 138-154. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/williams991.pdf.
Article - Brassard, Francis. "A Short Presentation of Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra." RIThink 8 (2019): 1–16. http://www.rithink.hr/archive/2019/1_Brassard_(RIThink).pdf.
Article - Jack, Anthony Abraham. "A Summons to Buddhahood: The Bodhicaryavatara as Santideva's Call to Embrace the Bodhicitta." BA Honors thesis, Amherst College, 2007.
Dissertation - Williams, Paul. Altruism and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodhicaryāvatāra. Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1998. https://archive.org/details/altruismandrealitystudiesinthephilosophyofbodhicaryaavatarapaulwilliamsseemahayanbuddhism_957_u/mode/2up.
Book - Franco, Eli. Review of Altruism and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodḥicaryāvatāra, by Paul Williams. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63, no. 1 (2000): 123-24.
Article - Pettit, John W. Review of Altruism and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodhicaryāvatāra, by Paul Williams. Journal of Buddhist Ethics 6 (1999): 120-37. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/pettit991.pdf.
Article - Harris, Stephen. "Altruism in the Charnel Ground: Śāntideva and Parfit on Anātman, Reductionism and Benevolence." In Ethics without Self, Dharma without Atman: Western and Buddhist Philosophical Traditions in Dialogue, edited by Gordon F. Davis, 219–34. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2018.
Article - Lindtner, Christian. "Atiśa's Introduction to the Two Truths, and Its Sources." Journal of Indian Philosophy 9, no. 2 (1981): 161–214.
Article - Crosby, Kate. "Blasphemie und Sakrileg im Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verses Bodhicaryāvatāra 6.64." In Śāntidevas "Eintritt in das Leben zur Erleuchtung", 207–27. Vol. 3 of Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg (Weiterbildendes Studium), 1999. https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/buddhismus-in-geschichte-und-gegenwart/bd3-k12crosby.pdf.
Article - Ruegg, David Seyfort. "Bodhi(sattva)caryāvatāra als Lehrschrift und Vorhaben: Zum Thema Ritual, Religion, Philosophie und Mystik im Buddhismus." In Śāntidevas "Eintritt in das Leben zur Erleuchtung", 111–28. Vol. 3 of Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg (Weiterbildendes Studium), 1999. https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/buddhismus-in-geschichte-und-gegenwart/bd3-k07ruegg.pdf.
Article - Matics, Marion L. "Bodhicitta and Bodhisattva: A Study of the Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śāntideva." PhD diss., Columbia University, 1960.
Dissertation - Pezzali, Amalia. "Bodhisattva e Prajñāpāramitā nel Bodhicaryāvatāra di Śāntideva." In Atti del Primo Convegno Nazionale di Studi Sanscriti (Torino, 17 Ottobre 1980), edited by Stefano Piano and Antonella Comba, 93–101. Turin, Italy: Associazione Italiana di Studi Sanscriti, 1982.
Article - Clayton, Barbra. "Compassion as a Matter of Fact: The Argument from No-Self to Selflessness in Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya." Contemporary Buddhism 2, no. 1 (2001): 83-97. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barbra-Clayton/publication/232944038_Compassion_as_a_matter_of_fact_The_argument_from_no-self_to_selflessness_in_Santideva%27s_Siksasamuccaya/links/5cb4c03d299bf12097682db4/Compassion-as-a-matter-of-fact-The-argument-from-no-self-to-selflessness-in-Santidevas-Siksasamuccaya.pdf.
Article - Wetlesen, Jon. "Did Śāntideva Destroy the Bodhisattva Path?" Journal of Buddhist Ethics 9 (2002): 34-88. https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/wetle021.pdf.
Article - Kretschmar, Andreas, trans. Drops of Nectar: Khenpo Kunpal's Commentary on Shantideva's Entering the Conduct of the Bodhisattvas. 5 vols. Edited by Judith S. Amtzis and John Deweese. Kathmandu: Padma Karpo Translation Committee, 2004.
Book - Lele, Amod Jayant. "Ethical Revaluation in the Thought of Śāntideva." PhD diss., Harvard University, 2007. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159489216.pdf.
Dissertation - Clayton, Barbra R. "Ethics in the Śikṣāsamuccaya: A Study in Mahāyāna Morality." PhD diss., McGill University, 2001.
Dissertation - Mahoney, Richard. "Of the Progresse of the Bodhisattva: The Bodhisattvamārga in the Śikṣāsamuccaya." MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2002.
Dissertation - Siderits, Mark. "Reply to Paul Williams." Philosophy East and West 50, no. 3 (2000): 453-59.
Article - Williams, Paul. "Response to Mark Siderits' Review." Philosophy East and West 50, no. 3 (2000): 424-53.
Article - Nyanawara, U. "Santideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra." MA thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2004.
Dissertation - Garfield, Jay L. "Seeing Sentient Beings: Śāntideva's Moral Phenomenology." In Readings of Śāntideva's Guide to Bodhisattva Practice, edited by Jonathan C. Gold, and Douglas S. Duckworth, 192–208. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.
Article - Sumanapal Bhikkhu. "Shantideva and Bodhicaryavatara: A Close Reading." Unpublished manuscript. n.d. PDF file.
Article - Williams, Paul. "The Absence of Self and the Removal of Pain: How Śāntideva Destroyed the Bodhisattva Path." Chap. 5 in Altruism and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodhicaryāvatāra. Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1998. https://archive.org/details/altruismandrealitystudiesinthephilosophyofbodhicaryaavatarapaulwilliamsseemahayanbuddhism_957_u/page/n115/mode/2up.
Article - Bastien, Leigh Ann. "The Bodhisattva and the Ideal of Moral Wisdom in Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya." MA thesis, McMaster University, 1982. https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/10591/1/fulltext.pdf.
Dissertation - Clayton, Barbra. "The Changing Way of the Bodhisattva: Superheroes, Saints, and Social Workers." In The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics, edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields, 135–61. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Article - Westerhoff, Jan. "The Connection between Ontology and Ethics in Madhyamaka Thought." In Moonpaths: Ethics and Emptiness, edited by The Cowherds, 203–20. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Article - Todd, Warren Lee. The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World. Dialogues in South Asian Traditions: Religion, Philosophy, Literature and History. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2013.
Book - Abramson, John. Review of The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World, by Warren Lee Todd. Buddhist Studies Review 32, no. 1 (2015): 172–74. https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/28968/pdf.
Article - Javanaud, Katie. Review of The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World, by Warren Lee Todd. Journal of Hindu Studies 9, no. 1 (2016): 152–54.
Article - O'Leary, Joseph S. Review of The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World, by Warren Lee Todd. Journal of Buddhist Ethics 23 (2016): 161–64. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2016/11/Todd_OLeary_16_3.pdf.
Article - Lele, Amod Jayant. "The Metaphysical Basis of Śāntideva’s Ethics." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 22 (2015): 249-83. http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2015/07/JBE-Lele-final1.pdf.
Article - Duckworth, Douglas S. "The Middle Way of the Bodhisattva." In Readings of Śāntideva's Guide to Bodhisattva Practice, edited by Jonathan C. Gold and Douglas S. Duckworth, 180–91. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.
Article - Carpenter, Amber D. "The Path of the Bodhisattva." In Indian Buddhist Philosophy: Metaphysics as Ethics, 224–31. London: Routledge, 2014.
Article - Sharma, T. R. "The Philosophical Basis of Worship in the Works of Śāntideva." In An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy: (Vijñānavāda and Mādhyamika), 126–35. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1994.
Article - Siderits, Mark. "The Reality of Altruism: Reconstructing Śāntideva." A review of Altruism and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Bodhicāryāvatāra, by Paul Williams. Philosophy East and West 50, no. 3 (2000): 412–24.
Article - Onishi, Kaoru. "The Self and the Other in Bodhicaryāvatāra: Part 1." (In Japanese.) Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies) 48, no. 1 (1999): 164–67. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/48/1/48_1_409/_pdf/-char/en.
Article - Edelglass, William. "The Self and the Suffering Other: Levinas and Śāntideva on the Ethics of Compassion." PhD diss., Emory University, 2004. https://search.proquest.com/openview/b54f906acd6c17eedd6fa816807b260d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Dissertation - Williams, Paul. "The Selfless Removal of Pain: A Critical Glance at Śāntideva's Argument in Bodhicaryāvatāra 8: 101–3." Indologica Taurinensia 23–24 (1997–1998): 321–50.
Article - Sherab, Khenpo Palden. "The Way of the Bodhisattva: An Introduction and Commentary to Shantideva's The Way of Life of the Bodhisattva." In Door to Inconceivable Wisdom and Compassion, translated by Ven. Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Boca Raton, Florida: Sky Dancer Press, 1996.
Article - Garfield, Jay L., Stephen Jenkins, and Graham Priest. "The Śāntideva Passage: Bodhicaryāvatāra VIII.90–103." In Moonpaths: Ethics and Emptiness, edited by The Cowherds, 55–76. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Article - Barnhart, Michael G. "Theory and Comparison in the Discussion of Buddhist Ethics." Philosophy East and West 62 , no. 1 (2012): 16–43.
Article - Davis, Gordon. "Traces of Consequentialism and Non-Consequentialism in Bodhisattva Ethics." Philosophy East and West 63, no. 2 (2013): 275–305.
Article - Spiranec, Tomislav. "Virtues/Pāramitās: St. Ignatius of Loyola and Śāntideva as Companions on the Way of Life." STD diss., Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University, Berkeley, California, 2018.
Dissertation - Garfield, Jay L. "What Is It Like to Be a Bodhisattva? Moral Phenomenology in Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 33, no. 1 (2010): 333–57. https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/9285/3146.
Article - Lokos, Allan. "What Would a Sage Do?" In Patience: The Art of Peaceful Living, 149–84. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2012.
Article - Shapiro, Sue A. "Why War? Why Not Peace? Santideva's Answer to Einstein's Famous Question to Freud." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 10, no. 4 (2009): 200–212.
Article - Preisendanz, Karin. "Zu einer zentralen philosophischen Kontroverse mit den 'orthodoxen' Philosophen." In Śāntidevas "Eintritt in das Leben zur Erleuchtung", 185–205. Vol. 3 of Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg (Weiterbildendes Studium), 1999.
Article - Chaudhary, Angraj. "Ācārya Śantideva's Humanism." In Essays on Buddhism and Pāli Literature, 47–54. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1994.
Article - Lele, Amod. "Śāntideva." In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. Accessed Feb. 11, 2021. https://iep.utm.edu/santideva/.
Article - Lang, Karen. "Śāntideva." In Buddhist Philosophy from 600 to 750 A.D., edited by Karl H. Potter, 137–39. Vol. 21 of Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2017.
Article - Potter, Karl H., David J. Kalupahana, and Michael J. Sweet. "Śāntideva." In Buddhist Philosophy from 600 to 750 A.D., edited by Karl H. Potter, 516–25. Vol. 21 of Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2017.
Article - Rao, C. Upender, Chodrung-ma Kunga Chodron, and Michelle L. Dexter, eds. Śāntideva and Bodhicaryāvatāra: Images, Interpretations, Reflections. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 2013.
Book - Bacrǎu, Andrei-Valentin. "Śāntideva and Kant: An East-West Comparative Study in Ethics." MA thesis, Nālandā University, 2019.
Dissertation - Saddhatissa, Hammalava. "Śāntideva and the Bodhisattva Ideal." In Buddhist Philosophy and Culture: Essays in Honour of N. A. Jayawickrema, edited by David J. Kalupahana and W. G. Weeraratne, 93–100. Colombo, Sri Lanka: N. A. Jayawickrema Felicitation Volume Committee, 1987.
Article - Sweet, Michael J. "Śāntideva and the Mādhyamika: The Prajñāpāramitā-Pariccheda of the Bodhicaryāvatāra." PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1977.
Dissertation - Saito, Akira. "Śāntideva in the History of Mādhyamika Philosophy." In Buddhism in India and Abroad: An Integrating Influence in Vedic and Post-Vedic Perspective, edited by Kalpakam Sankarnarayan, Motohiro Yoritomi, and Shubhada A. Joshi, 257–63. Mumbai: Somaiya Publications, 1996.
Article - Strong, John S. "Śāntideva on Developing the Thought of Awakening." In The Experience of Buddhism: Sources and Interpretations, 175–78. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008.
Article - Saito, Akira. "Śāntideva's Philosophy as Expressed in the Early Version of His Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra, Chapter 8." (In Japanese.) Tōkai Indogaku Bukkyō Gakkai (Journal of Tōkai Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies) 39 (1994): 98-114.
Article - Pezzali, Amalia. "Śāntideva, A Mystic of Buddhism." In Proceedings of the IXth International Congress for the History of Religions, Tokyo and Kyoto, 1958, August 27th – September 9th, edited by Teruji Ishizu, et al., 398–402. Tokyo: Maruzen, 1960.
Article - Pezzali, Amalia. Śāntideva, il Bodhicaryāvatāra e le karika del Śikṣāsamuccaya. Biblioteca Scientifica 11. Bologna, Italy: Editrice Missionaria Italiana, 1982.
Book - Pāsādika, Bhikkhu. Review of Śāntideva, il Bodhicaryāvatāra e le kārikā del Śikṣāsamuccaya, by Amalia Pezzali. The Tibet Journal 8, no. 2 (1983): 61–63.
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