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Charles-Joseph de Harlez de Deulin (Liège, 21 August 1832 – Leuven, 14 July 1899) was a Belgian Orientalist, domestic prelate, canon of the cathedral of Liège, and member of the Academie Royale of Belgium, who studied and translated the Zoroastrian holy texts.
The family of de Harlez was an old and noble family of Liège. On completing his ordinary college course de Harlez devoted himself to the study of law in the University of Liège. His success in legal studies was considerable, and a strong doctorate examination brought his career at the law school to a close. His family connections and his own ability gave promise of a bright future, but, growing dissatisfied with the law, de Harlez soon abandoned the legal profession altogether.
He then took up the study of theology, and in 1858 was ordained priest. After his ordination he was appointed director of the college of Saint-Quirin in Huy. In 1867 he was put in charge of a new arts school which had been established for young ecclesiastics in connection with the Catholic University of Louvain. This position he held for four years. An old predilection for Oriental studies began then to make itself felt again in him. He was appointed to a professorship in the Oriental department of the Louvain Catholic University in 1871 and devoted himself with energy to the study of the Zoroastrian Sacred book - the Avesta - of which he published a translation (1875–77).
Spiegel had already translated the Avesta into German and Anqueil-Duperron had attempted a translation into French. The translation of de Harlez was an addition to Avesta exegesis, and the second edition of the work appeared in 1881. The relationship between the Rig Veda and the Avesta were not yet fully understood, de Harlez set himself to determine it. He emphasized the differences, in spite of many apparent agreements, between the two texts. His view met with much opposition, but some of his opponents - for instance James Darmesteter - reportedly came round to his point of view.
In 1883 Mgr de Harlez turned to a new department-the language and literature of China. In this department he was chiefly attracted by the problems of the ancient Chinese religion. He shows everywhere in his works this same taste for the study of religious developments, and founded and became first chief editor of a journal, Muséon, which was intended to be devoted to the objective study of history generally and of religious history in particular. It was founded in 1881, and many of the most important of its early articles were contributed by de Harlez. Though he was editor of the "Muséon" and still a keen student of Iranian and Chinese, de Harlez had time for other work. He was all the time professor of Sanskrit in the university and produced a Sanskrit manual for the use of his students.
He also made himself familiar with Manchu literature, and in 1884 he published in Louvain a handbook of the Manchu language. Under him the school of Louvain Oriental studies flourished. The Mélanges Charles de Harlez (Leyden. 1896), a collection of more than fifty scientific articles written by scholars of all countries and creeds, was presented to him on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his Louvain professorship. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Joseph_de_Harlez_de_Deulin Source Accessed Apr 18, 2022])
Stephen Harris is a Lecturer at the Institute for Philosophy, at the University of Leiden, Netherlands. His research focuses on Indian philosophical texts, in particular Buddhist moral philosophy, and their conceptual relationship to issues investigated in contemporary philosophy. Current interests include moral demandingness in the writing of the 8th century Indian Buddhist philosopher Śāntideva, and cross-cultural study of well-being.
Other interests include comparative virtue theory, the role of suffering in ethical theory and the relation between personal identity and ethics. His research is also influenced by phenomenology, as well as ancient philosophy, including Chinese and Greek thought.
He teaches courses on comparative and Asian philosophy, as well as ethics and the history of philosophy, at the Institute for Philosophy in Leiden, as well as Leiden University College and the International B.A. program, both located in The Hague.
Dr. Harris received his PhD from the philosophy department at the University of New Mexico in the U.S. Before coming to Leiden University, he was a pre-doctoral fellow at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. He has articles published or forthcoming by the journals Contemporary Pragmatism, The Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Philosophy East and West, Asian Philosophy and Sophia. ([https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/stephen-harris/publications#tab-3 Adapted from Source Jan 13, 2021]) +
Paul Harrison completed his B.A. and M.A. in Chinese at Auckland University in his native New Zealand and took his Ph.D. in South Asian & Buddhist Studies from Australian National University in 1979. After a short stint at Auckland (1981-1983), he taught Religious Studies at Canterbury University in Christchurch, New Zealand, for 22 years, being responsible for courses on Buddhism. Paul joined the permanent faculty of Stanford's Religious Studies Department in 2007. His research focuses on Buddhist history and literature, on the study of Buddhist manuscripts, and the edition and translation of Buddhist sacred texts in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese. Paul is co-director of the Ho Center for Buddhist Studies at Stanford. ([https://explorecourses.stanford.edu/instructor/paulh1 Source Accessed Dec 4, 2019]) +
Dr. Hartmann joined the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies as Assistant Professor of Asian Religions in 2020. She received a B.A. in Religious Studies from the University of Virginia in 2011, an M.A. in the History of Religions from the University of Chicago in 2013, and a Ph.D. from the Committee on the Study of Religion at Harvard University in 2020. She teaches courses about Buddhism and other Asian religions, including History of Non-Western Religions and Buddhist Ethics.
Professor Hartmann's engagement with Religious Studies arises out of a longstanding interest in religion as a force that shapes our experience of the world, and in the practices religions develop to transform that experience. After growing up in a multi-religious household, she encountered Buddhism as an undergraduate, and hasn't looked back since. She is comfortable in classical Tibetan, modern Tibetan, and Sanskrit, and also reads Chinese and Hindi. She has spent over a year and a half in various communities in Asia, including summers at a Buddhist nunnery in Ladakh, at the Tibetan Library of Works and Archives in Dharamsala, at Rangjung Yeshe Institute in Kathmandu, and at Sichuan University in Chengdu.
Her work focuses on the history of Tibetan pilgrimage to holy mountains and the goal of transforming perception while on pilgrimage, and she is currently working on a book on this topic. She is also interested in Buddhist ethics, vision and visuality, theories of place, and autobiographical writing. ([http://www.uwyo.edu/philrelig/faculty/relig/hartmann.html Source Accessed Oct 5, 2021]) +
Jens-Uwe Hartmann is Professor of Indology at the University of Munich. After studying in Munich and Göttingen he held the post of Professor of Tibetology at Humboldt University in Berlin before returning to Munich in 1999. In 2001 he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2007.
He has held visiting appointments at the Collège de France in Paris (2001 and 2004), the Centre for Advanced Study of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences in Oslo (2001–2002), the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies in Tokyo (2002), the Soka University in Tokyo (2003), the UC Berkeley (2010) and the University of Stanford (2017).
His research centres on the recovery and reconstruction of Indian Buddhist literature on the basis of Indic manuscripts as well as translations into Chinese and Tibetan with a focus on canonical texts and works of poetry. His various authored and coedited works include an edition of the Varṇārhavarṇastotra of Mātṛceṭa (1987), a study of the Dīrghāgama of the Sarvāstivādins (1992), the series Buddhist Manuscripts devoted to the publication of ancient Indic manuscripts from Afghanistan (2000, 2002, 2006, 2016), and From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research (2014). ([https://ceres.rub.de/en/people/juhartmann/ Source Accessed Nov 19, 2021]) +
Peter Harvey, who gained his doctorate in Buddhist Studies at Lancaster University, under Ninian Smart, is Emeritus Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Sunderland, UK. His research focuses on early Buddhist thought and practices, and Buddhist ethics. He edits ''Buddhist Studies Review'', journal of the UK Association for Buddhist Studies, having founded the Association in 1995 with Ian Harris, and from 2002 to 2011 ran an online MA Buddhist Studies program. He is author of ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices'' (University of Cambridge Press, 1990, 2nd edn. 2013), ''The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism'' (Curzon Press, 1995), and ''An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Practices'' (University of Cambridge Press, 2000). He has edited an anthology of Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna texts, ''Common Buddhist Text: Guidance and Insight from the Buddha'', to be published for free distribution by Mahachulalongkorn-rajavidyalaya University in Thailand. He is a member of the Samatha Trust and teaches a free online course on Samatha meditation. Retired, he now lives near York. ([https://sunderland.academia.edu/PeterHarvey Source Accessed Dec 5, 2019]) +
Fida Muhammad Hassnain (Urdu فدا حسنین; Srinagar, 1924 – 2016) was a Kashmiri writer, lecturer and Sufi mystic.
He was born in 1924 in Srinagar, Kashmir, as the child of school teachers. His father fought with the British Indian forces in the Boer War in South Africa in 1902. Fida Hassnain graduated from the University of Punjab and the Aligarh Muslim University, and became a barrister, but the events surrounding the partition of colonial British India made him lose faith in the law, and after a short period of social work he became a lecturer in 1947 at the Sri Patrap (SP) College in Srinagar. In 1954, he became Director of the Kashmir State Archives, retiring in 1983. Fida Hassnain died on 9 July 2016 in Srinagar, Kashmir.
His study tours resulted in the salvaging of several hundred manuscripts in Arabic, Sanskrit and Persian, which were housed in the Archives and Oriental Research Libraries. As an archaeologist, he conducted several excavations.
He has written several books on the subject of Lost years of Jesus and Kashmir,[7] which have been translated into Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Japanese. He has made frequent guest appearances in documentaries about the tomb of Roza Bal, supporting the teaching of the founder of Ahmadiyya Islam, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1899), that Jesus of Nazareth died in India. Christian theologians have been highly critical of Hassnain's works - Christian academics dismissing these claims include Günter Grönbold, Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Norbert Klatt, Per Beskow, and Gerald O'Collins.
In January 2009 the Jammu Kashmir Government recognized Hassnain for his lifetime contributions. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fida_Muhammad_Hassnain Source Accessed Dec 12, 2024]) +
Richard Hayes (aka Dharmacārī Dayāmati) (born 1945) is an Emeritus professor of Buddhist philosophy at the University of New Mexico.[1] He received his Ph.D. in Sanskrit and Indian studies from the University of Toronto in 1982.
Hayes is a noted scholar in the field of Buddhist Sanskrit, specializing in the study of Dharmakīrti and Dignāga.[3]
Hayes was formerly Associate Professor of religious studies at McGill University in Canada. He joined the University of New Mexico in the fall of 2003 [4] and retired in 2013.
Hayes was co-founder, moderator and a prolific contributor to the online discussion group Buddha-L. Buddha-L attracted a mix of scholars and amateurs and hosted vigorous and at times acrimonious debates.
As well as teaching Buddhism and Sanskrit, Hayes is himself a Buddhist and a Quaker. In a brief blog bio he says he was "Initiated as a dharmachari with the name Dayāmati into the Triratna Buddhist Order on January 26, 2000. I am also a member of Albuquerque Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)."[5] Hayes is a noted essayist (Land of No Buddha) and blogger (New City of Friends, Out of a Living Silence) of considerable wit and clarity. He has expressed vehement political opinions, and been critical in particular of Republican politicians. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hayes_(professor) Source Accessed Oct 9, 2024]) +
György Hazai (also written Georg Hazai; 1932–2016) was a Hungarian orientalist and Turkologist. A full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), he also held honorary membership in numerous scholarly institutions, including the Turkish Language Association (TDK), the American Oriental Society, the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, and the Societas Uralo-Altaica. His research spanned Turkology broadly, Ottoman and Turkish linguistic history, transcription texts, Turkish dialects, historical documents, and Old Turkic studies, and he was especially influential in Turkish bibliography and documentation through his long-running Bibliography of Turkish and Ottoman Studies, the ''Turkologischer Anzeiger/Turkology Annual'', which he initiated and coedited. He served as Professor and Head of the Department of Turkish Studies at the University of Cyprus, Nicosia, and authored works including ''Kurze Einführung in das Studium der türkischen Sprache''. Over his career he also served as editor, co-editor, or advisory board member for numerous journals and series, including ''Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae'', ''Archivum Ottomanicum'', ''Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica'', the ''Journal of Turkish Studies'', ''Orientalistische Literaturzeitung'', and ''Zeitschrift für Balkanologie''. +
Guntram Hazod is an anthropologist focusing on the early history of Tibet. His methodological approach combines text and historical ethnography. He has been the co-author of several major monographs on Central Tibet’s medieval political and religious history, as well as author of numerous contributions that deal with identifying historical Tibetan toponyms, especially related to the period of the Tibetan empire. Linked to this is his interest in archaeology and landscape archaeology, with particular focus on early Tibetan burial practices, including the Tibetan tumulus tradition (4th–10th cent. CE).
Hazod received his PhD and habilitation at the University of Vienna. He has been working at the Austrian Academy of Sciences since 1992, from 2006 as a Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology (ISA), and from July 2016 as a co-funded researcher at both the ISA and IKGA. Since January 2019 he has been working as a Senior Researcher exclusively at the IKGA. ([https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/ikga/team/former-employees/hazod-guntram Source Accessed Feb 24, 2023]) +
Dr. phil. Jürg Hedinger is a lecturer in literature, psychology, philosophy, the history of religion, Indology, creative and literary writing at the School of Applied Linguistics (SAL), at the adult education center and other institutes. ([https://www.sal.ch/story-academy/autobiografisches-schreiben/mehr-zum-lehrgang/ Adapted from Source Feb 16, 2021]) +
Maria Heim is Professor of Religion at Amherst College. She holds a PhD in Sanskrit and Indian Studies from Harvard University and a BA in Philosophy and Religion from Reed College. She works on Sanskrit and Pali texts. Her most recent two books are on Buddhaghosa, including ''Voice of the Buddha'' (Oxford 2018) and ''Forerunner of All Things'' (Oxford 2014). She has also more recently published ''Buddhist Ethics'' (Cambridge University Press, 2020). A recent interview with her about ''Voice of the Buddha'' can be found here (https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/buddhaghosa-immeasurable-words/). She is currently working on emotions in Classical India. ([https://amherst.academia.edu/MariaHeim Adapted from Source Apr 15, 2021]) +
S. Mark Heim is the Samuel Abbot Professor of Christian Theology at Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School. He is a graduate of Amherst College, Andover Newton Theological School and the Boston College—Andover Newton Theological School joint doctoral program in systematic theology. He has written extensively on issues of religious pluralism, atonement, and Christian ecumenism. His books include ''Salvations: Truth and Difference in Theology''; ''The Depth of the Riches: A Trinitarian Theology of Religious Ends''; ''Saved from Sacrifice: A Theology of the Cross''; and, most recently, ''Crucified Wisdom: Christ and the Bodhisattva in Theological Reflection'' (2018). He has also edited several volumes, including ''Faith to Creed: Ecumenical Perspectives on the Affirmation of the Apostolic Faith in the Fourth Century'' and ''Grounds for Understanding: Ecumenical Resources for Responses to Religious Pluralism''. He has received a Henry Luce III Fellowship in Theology (2009-2010) and a Pew Evangelical Scholars’ Research Fellowship (1997-98). He is a member of the American Theological Society. He served as co-chair of the comparative theology group in the American Academy of Religion. His teaching in the area of science and religion has received several national awards, including a Templeton Foundation award in 1998 for one of the twelve outstanding courses in this area. He was recently the primary investigator on a grant from the American Academy for the Advancement of Science devoted to integrating science into the theological curriculum. Along with a colleague from the Yale Medical School, Dr. Benjamin Doolittle, he teaches an interdisciplinary course on theology and medicine. An ordained American Baptist minister, he has represented his denomination on the Faith and Order Commissions of the National Council and World Council of Churches. He has served on numerous ecumenical commissions and study groups, including the Christian—Muslim relations committee of the National Council of Churches. His teaching and research interests include comparative theology, theologies of religious pluralism, science and theology, Christology and atonement and ecumenical ecclesiology. ([https://divinity.yale.edu/faculty-and-research/yds-faculty/stephen-mark-heim Source Accessed Jan 5, 2022])
Jörg Heimbel studied Tibetology and Social Anthropology at the University of Göttingen and the University of Hamburg, where he received his Magister Artium in 2007 with a thesis on the life and works of the Fifth gDong thog sPrul sku bsTan pa’i rgyal mtshan (1933–2015). He received his PhD in Tibetology from the same university in 2014 with as doctoral thesis on the life and times of Ngor chen Kun dga’ bzang po (1382–1456), a revised version of which he published in 2017. During his doctoral research, he joint the Tibetan Language Program at Tibet University (TU), Lhasa, China, and was a research fellow at the Lumbini International Research Institute (LIRI), Lumbini, Nepal.
From 2014 he worked at the University of Hamburg as a research associate and lecturer (Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) for Classical and Colloquial Tibetan.
His field of interest lies in the religious and cultural history of Tibet and its related biographical and historiographical literature with a special emphasis on the Sa skya school of Tibetan Buddhism. Furthermore, he pursues research in Tibetan Buddhist art and Colloquial Tibetan. For his new research projects, he investigates a tantric collection of old Tibetan manuscripts from Ngor Monastery [Link: NTT) and works on a typology of lama portraits of Ngor abbots commissioned as statues or thangka paintings (e.g., paintings to be shown on death anniversaries known as dus thang). ([https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/en/personen/heimbel.html University of Hamburg Source Accessed August 4, 2020])
As of 2024, Dr. Jörg Heimbel has been appointed as professor of Tibetan and Buddhist studies at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU). Jointly sponsored by the German TARA Foundation (TARA Stiftung), Khyentse Foundation, and LMU, the tenured position is one of just a handful of Tibetan Buddhism professorships in Europe. The professorship has been vacant since the retirement of Prof. Dr. Franz-Karl Ehrhard in 2019. Ehrhard had served in the position for 16 years. ([https://khyentsefoundation.org/story/dr-jorg-heimbel-appointed-professor-of-tibetan-and-buddhist-studies-at-ludwig-maximilians-university-of-munich/ Source Accessed May 6, 2026])
Walther Heissig (December 5, 1913 – September 5, 2005) was an Austrian Mongolist. Heissig was born in Vienna. He studied prehistory, ethnology, historical geography, sinology and Mongolian in Berlin and Vienna, and got his doctoral degree in 1941 in Vienna. Afterwards he traveled to China, worked at the Fu-jen University in Beijing and visited China's Inner Mongolia region. In 1945/46 he had to leave China in an affair about alleged espionage for Japan by German nationals. In 1951 he obtained his habilitation at Göttingen, but, on failing to obtain a position there, he undertook to pursue his second habilitation at the Bonn in 1957. In 1964, he was appointed the Chair of the Central Asian seminar at Bonn University.<br><br>
His major fields of study were Mongolian history, literature, and also Mongolian maps. He not only made a number of invaluable contributions in the academic field, but also edited several popular books on Mongolian history and culture, for example ''Ein Volk sucht seine Geschichte''. He also published several books on Mongolian epics, proverbs, and folk tales.<br><br>
He worked extensively on the Epic of King Gesar and other epics circulating in Mongolia. In 1978, he initiated a project for the study of epics. Also, with the help of Heissig, the five-volume series "Folklore mongol" by B. Rinchen was published between 1960–1972, followed by a 13-volume series of epics, ''Mongolische Epen'' by Nicholas Poppe. His scientific research work has been acknowledged by elections into various learned societies i.a. he was elected foreign member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences which is the highest scientific honour in Mongolia. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Heissig Source Accessed Apr 2, 2021]) +
Mary has practised Acupuncture in the Oxford area since 1999. She also offers classes and workshops in ''kum nye'', a Tibetan meditative yoga which encourages deep relaxation and rejuvenation through balancing our whole system.
She holds meditation and Dharma study groups under the banner of White Tara, and helps to organize teachings and retreats to explore and practice these and related teachings. She has worked for many years writing up and publishing the teachings of Ringu Tulku Rinpoche, a popular Tibetan Buddhist teacher, and she is a Trustee of the Snow Lotus Tibetan Medical Foundation. ([https://sites.google.com/site/acupuncturekumnyeyoga/welcome Adapted from Source Jan 14, 2025]) +
Hilary Herdman, Ph.D, studied and taught at Rangjung Yeshe Institute at Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling monastery since 2000. Hilary was a founding member of the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. She completed an MA and later a Ph.D in Buddhist Studies at the University of Bristol, UK. Her thesis concerned the origins of pilgrimage and her research interests include pilgrimage, devotional and ritual practices, and their significance in the Buddhist tradition. She is a member of Samye Institute Executive Committee. She humbly wishes to thank her teachers, Khyabje Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche and Phakchok Rinpoche for their tremendous compassion, wisdom and kindness. Hilary feels deep gratitude to all the excellent Buddhist teachers throughout the years, and the lamas, khenpos, and nuns associated with Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling monastery. ([https://samyeinstitute.org/instructors/hilary-herdman/ Source Accessed Mar 9, 2023]) +
Dr. Adelheid Hermann-Pfandt is a professor of Religious Studies at Philipps University of Marburg. His main areas of study include, the History of religions in India and Tibet, religious art, iconography of Tibetan Buddhism, religion in Indian film, religious studies on women and gender, religion and violence, and destructive cults.
Born 1955 in Göttingen.
1975-1983 studied religious and intellectual history, religious studies, history, classical philology, Indology, Tibetology and Indian art history in Erlangen and Bonn.
1983 Magister Artium (Religious Studies, Modern History, Tibetology) with the work Investigations into the religious history and mythology of the Dakinis in the Indo-Tibetan region.
1990 PhD in Bonn (religious studies, Indology, Tibetology) with the dissertation Dakinis: On the position and symbolism of the female in tantric Buddhism (published in 1992 by Indica et Tibetica Verlag, Bonn).
1991-1994 Research Assistant in the Department of Indology/Tibetology at the University of Marburg.
1994ff. Lectureships at the Universities of Bremen, Marburg, Hanover, Göttingen, Frankfurt am Main, Fribourg/Switzerland, Siegen.
1999 year-long intensive study of colloquial Tibetan at the Manjushree Center of Tibetan Culture in Darjeeling, India.
2001 Habilitation in Marburg in the subject of religious studies with the work A source study of esoteric (tantric) Buddhism in India from the beginnings to the 9th century.
2002 Appointment as private lecturer for religious studies at the Philipps University of Marburg.
2004 Collaboration in the DFG project "Destiny Interpretation and Lifestyle in Japanese Religions" (Prof. Dr. Michael Pye, Marburg).
2006-2008 Planning and management of the special exhibition "Tibet in Marburg" in the religious studies collection of the University of Marburg, including publication of the catalogue.
2009 Appointment as adjunct professor for religious studies at the Philipps University of Marburg.
2009 Käthe-Leichter visiting professor for women's and gender studies in the field of religions in South Asia and Tibet at the Institute for South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of Vienna.
2009-2014 research grant from the Horst and Käthe Eliseit Foundation, Essen, for the project "Comparative studies on rNying ma pa iconography". ([https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/fb03/ivk/fachgebiete/religionswissenschaft/fach/personen/copy_of_apl-prof-dr-adelheid-herrmann-pfandt Source Accessed Sep 30, 2022])
María Jesús Hervás is a member of the Spanish branch of the Padmakara Translation Group publishing with Ediciones Dharma. https://www.edicionesdharma.com/ +
Heshang Moheyan [or Hashang Mahāyāna] was the Chinese abbot whom Kamalashila defeated in a famous debate at Samyé. He is said to have been a representative of a form of Ch’an meditation, but in a rather nihilistic form. He taught that meditation consists of not doing anything at all in the mind, and that this can bring about sudden enlightenment, without the need even to practice the six paramitas. Tibetan scholars throughout the centuries have often accused one another of adhering to Hashang’s system, and often put this down to the particular tendrel created when he “left his shoes behind” in Tibet following his defeat. ([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Hashang Source Accessed Oct 22, 2019]) +
