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Ven. George Churinoff (Gelong Thubten Tsultrim) has taught and studied in FPMT centers around the world. Since attending his first November Course in Kopan in 1974 and ordaining in 1975, he has studied extensively. A physics graduate from MIT, Venerable George earned a Masters degree in Buddhist studies from Delhi University, India. He took ordination in 1975 and studied the Geshe Studies Program at Manjushri Institute, England, where he also served as Spiritual Program Coordinator.
Venerable George was instrumental in founding the Masters Program at Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa in Italy, where he also served as Program Coordinator. After studying and teaching there for eight years he spent several years at Tushita Centre in Delhi, followed by three years as Lama Osel Rinpoche's English curriculum tutor at Sera Je Monastery in South India. Venerable George has done many retreats in the sutra and tantra traditions and taught extensively in FPMT centers all over the world. He taught the Basic Program as resident teacher at Dorje Chang Institute, New Zealand and at Land of Medicine Buddha, USA. Venerable George now resides in Asheville, NC. ([https://landofmedicinebuddha.org/events/basic-program-tenets-module-with-ven-george-churinoff-2021-03-19/ Source Accessed Aug 19, 2021]) +
André Chédel, born in Neuchâtel in 1915 and died in Le Locle in 1984, was a self-taught Swiss philosopher and researcher, writer, orientalist and journalist.
The only child of a family from Le Locle, he had a great interest in Eastern languages and civilizations from a very young age. He first studied as an autodidact and then in Paris at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, at the School of Oriental Languages and at the Sorbonne between 1936 and 1939.
Fascinated by the East and interested in philosophical, spiritual and religious ideas, in 1944 he composed an anthology of Eastern religious and sacred texts, then several essays, in particular ''Judaism and Christianity: the bases of an agreement between Jews and Christians, towards a spiritualist religion'' (1951), ''For a secular humanism'' (1963), ''On the threshold of Solomon's temple: reflections on Freemasonry'' (1977) and finally ''The absolute, this research: analysis of monotheistic religions'' (1980). His literary activity is rich, varied and accessible. Among other things, he also wrote a novel, ''The Rise to Carmel'' (1958), a collection of short stories ''Contes et portraits'' (1958), a set of short texts ''Vagabondages: evocations and reflections'' (1974), as well as various travel stories.
At the same time, he translated numerous texts into French, in particular works in Russian (''La Russie face à l'Occident'' by Dostoyevsky in 1945, ''Les Nouvelles'' by Anton Chekhov in 1959), in ancient Greek (''Les Perses d' Eschyle'' in 1946), in Arabic (''Choice of Tales from the Arabian Nights'' in 1949), in Sanskrit (''Bhagavad-Gîtâ'' in 1971 ). In addition, he wrote several prefaces.
In addition to his abundant publications, André Chédel was also a freelance journalist and collaborated with numerous daily newspapers and reviews: the Journal de Genève, the Gazette de Lausanne, L'Essor (of which he was the head from 1950 to 1952), L'Impartial, La Revue de Suisse, La Vie protestante, and others.
André Chédel was a Freemason, a member of the Swiss Grand Lodge Alpina.
He finally received several prizes and distinctions, he is notably Doctor of Letters Honoris Causa from the University of Neuchâtel in 1962. From the French Academy, he received the Louis-Paul-Miller Prize in 1972 for his book ''Vers l'Universalité''. ([https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9del Source Accessed Apr 7, 2022])
Khenmo Trinlay Chödron is a senior student of Khenchen Rinpoche. She teaches at the Tibetan Meditation Center in Fredrick, Maryland, as well as at affiliated centers in the United States and Sweden. ([https://www.shambhala.com/authors/a-f/khenmo-trinlay-chodron.html Source Accessed Sept 4 2020]) +
Lobsang Chodron was born in 1977 in Hansa village, Lahaul & Spiti, in the Indian Himalayas. The fifth of seven children in a farming family, she attended government school until age thirteen, when she traveled to Dharamsala to become a nun at Jamyang Choling Institute.
At Jamyang Choling, she studied the five major Buddhist philosophy texts under renowned teachers and took novice vows from His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1990. In 1995, she participated in the first nuns' debate session and had the honor of debating before the Dalai Lama. She continued to break barriers, becoming one of the first nuns to debate at the Monlam festival in the main temple in 2012—a privilege previously reserved for monks.
Throughout her studies, Chodron also served in various administrative roles at the institute, including as accountant, cashier, and secretary. She attended international conferences, studied modern science through a program with Emory University, and taught junior nuns for four years.
In 2016, after more than twenty-five years of study, Chodron became one of the first Tibetan Buddhist nuns to earn the Geshema degree—equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. She received her degree from His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Drepung Monastery in South India.
Chodron credits her achievement to the support of the Dalai Lama, her teachers, family, and sponsors. She remains dedicated to supporting future generations of nuns and helping nunneries flourish through Buddhist teachings. ([https://jamchoe.org/geshe-ma/geshema-lobzang-chhodon-04 Adapted from Source Jan 11, 2026]) +
Pema Chödrön is an American Tibetan Buddhist. She is an ordained nun, former acharya of Shambhala Buddhism and disciple of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Chödrön has written several dozen books and audiobooks, and is principal teacher at Gampo Abbey in Nova Scotia, Canada. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n Source Accessed Jan 7, 2021)] +
Robert W. Clark is the Coordinator of the Stanford Tibetan Language Program. He teaches Tibetan language and literature at Stanford University, and serves as a curator and consultant for Asian Art collections in the US and India. He is the program director of Tardo Ling, in San Francisco, a center for translation of Tibetan literature. Dr. Clark worked as a translator in the Private Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, and has served as interpreter for Tibetan lamas and educators for over 25 years. He is an author of numerous books and articles on Tibetan, Nepalese, and Indian Buddhist art, history and culture including ''Treasures of the Nying T’ik''; ''The Universal Vehicle Discourse Literature (Mahayanasutralamkara)''; ''Tibet: Treasures from the Roof of the World''; ''The Art of Gandhara and Tibet''; ''The Tethong Portraits of the Eighty Four Mahasiddhas''; ''The Treasures of Buddhist Tibet''; ''Art of the Qianlong Emperor''; and ''The Practice of Mahamudra''. He has translated over 70 Tibetan texts, and over 1000 Tibetan official and commercial documents from the Nepalese Government archive. Dr. Clark was a curator and catalogue author for exhibitions of Tibetan and Buddhist art at the Tibetan Museum (Dharamsala), Asian Art Museum (San Francisco), Dallas Art Museum, and Bowers Museum of Culture. He is currently working on a biographical account concerning Buddhist culture in Tibet and India in the 20th century. ([https://dlcl.stanford.edu/people/robert-w-clark Source Accessed April 30, 2020]) +
Barbra Clayton is an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Mount Allison University, a liberal arts institution located in the heart of maritime Canada. She is the author of ''Moral Theory in Śāntideva's Śikṣāsamuccaya'', the article on Buddhist Ethics in the ''Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy'', and several articles on Mahāyāna morality. Her recent work focuses on the ethics of environmentalism in the Shambhala Buddhist community, as well as on Buddhist monasticism at Gampo Abbey in Canada. She is the co-editor with Dan Cozort of the ''Journal of Buddhist Ethics'', though is currently taking an extended sabbatical from this role . . . ([https://www.cardus.ca/contributors/bclayton/ Source Accessed Jan 19, 2021]) +
Thomas Cleary passed away on June 20, 2021. https://www.shambhala.com/remembering-thomas-cleary
:Of his passing, renowned Buddhist scholar Robert Thurman wrote on Facebook:
::“There is no doubt in my mind that Thomas Cleary is the greatest translator of Buddhist texts from Chinese or Japanese into English of our generation, and that he will be so known by grateful Buddhist practitioners and scholars in future centuries. Single-handedly he has gone a long way toward building the beginnings of a Buddhist canon in English.”
Cleary became interested in Buddhism when he was a teenager; his researches into Buddhist thought began with a desire to learn during this time of his life. When he began translating, he chose either untranslated works or—as in the case of Sun Tzu's ''The Art of War''—books whose extant translations were "too limited".
Cleary earned a Ph.D in East Asian Languages and Civilizations from Harvard University and a JD from the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. Since completing his doctoral studies, Cleary has had little involvement with the academic world. In a rare interview, Cleary stated: "There is too much oppression in a university setting . . . I want to stay independent and reach those who want to learn directly through my books."
Cleary's brother Jonathon also completed his doctoral work in EALC at Harvard. The two brothers worked together to translate the koan collection ''The Blue Cliff Record''; Shambhala published the translation in 1977.
Thomas Cleary's most widely disseminated translation has been of Sun Tzu's ''The Art of War'' (''Sunzi Bingfa'').
He also translated the monumental ''Avatamsaka Sutra'' (also called ''Huayan Jing'', or the ''Flower Ornament Scripture'').
Another major translation was of the commentaries of the 18th century Taoist sage Liu Yiming, who explains the metaphoric coding of the main Taoist texts dealing with the transformation of consciousness, and the fusion of the human mind with the mind of Tao.
In 2000, Cleary's various translations of Taoist texts were collected into four volumes by Shambhala Publications as ''The Taoist Classics''. Following the success of these publications, a five-volume collection of Buddhist translations was collected as ''Classics of Buddhism and Zen''. Another translation from the Muslim wisdom tradition is ''Living and Dying with Grace''. In 1993 Cleary published a translation of Miyamoto Musashi's ''Book of Five Rings''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cleary Source Accessed Sept 18, 2020])
Francis Woodman Cleaves (born in Boston in 1911 and died in New Hampshire on December 31, 1995) was a Sinologist, linguist, and historian who taught at Harvard University, and was the founder of Sino-Mongolian studies in America. He is well known for his translation of ''The Secret History of the Mongols''.
Cleaves received his undergraduate degree in Classics from Dartmouth College, and then enrolled in the graduate program in Comparative Philology at Harvard, but transferred to the study of Far Eastern Languages under Serge Elisséeff in the mid-1930s, prior to the formal establishment of the department.
In 1935, on a fellowship from the Harvard-Yenching Institute, Cleaves went first to Paris, where he studied Mongolian and other Central Asian languages with the Sinologist Paul Pelliot for three years, then to Beijing where he studied with the Mongolist Antoine Mostaert S.J. Always an avid book collector, he also roamed the stalls and shops in Liulichang, the street for books and antiques. There he accumulated an extensive collection not only in Chinese and Mongolian, his own interests, but also in Manchu, which he did not plan to use himself. The books in Manchu were particularly rare and form the core of Harvard's Manchu collection.
Cleaves returned to Harvard in 1941 and taught Chinese in the Department of Far Eastern Languages as well as worked on the Harvard-Yenching Institute Chinese-English dictionary project. In the following year he received his Ph.D. with a dissertation entitled “A Sino-Mongolian Inscription on 1362,” and offered Harvard’s first course on the Mongolian language. Cleaves enlisted in the United States Navy and served in the Pacific. After the war ended, he helped to relocate Japanese citizens who had lived in China back to Japan and sorted through the books they left behind to find those suitable for shipping to the Harvard-Yenching Library.
In 1946, Cleaves returned to Harvard and proceeded to teach Chinese and Mongolian, without interruption, for the next thirty-five years. He is unique for being the only professor in the history of the department never to take a sabbatical. He trained his students in the traditional European sinology of his mentors. Among his best-known disciples were Joseph Fletcher, the distinguished Mongolist and historian, and Elizabeth Endicott-West, author of basic studies on the Yuan dynasty and History of Mongolia.
Cleaves had an especially close relation with William Hung, a preeminent scholar who had become his friend and mentor when they met in China in the 1930s. A mutual friend recalled that Cleaves was "an old-fashioned gentleman perhaps more at home with his cows, horses, and fellow farmers in New Hampshire than with the academic intrigues of Cambridge," while Hung was a "pragmatic Confucianist." The two would meet every weekday at three to sip tea and perhaps read from the Chinese classics or dynastic histories. Cleaves introduced Hung to the Mongol histories, and Hung published several articles in this field. Hung's article on the ''Secret History of the Mongols'', however, drew conclusions which Cleaves did not feel were correct. Out of respect for his friend, Cleaves did not publish his own translation until 1985, after Hung's death.
Cleaves was renowned for his meticulously annotated translations of Chinese and Old Mongolian texts, and consistently emphasized literal philological accuracy over aesthetic beauty. He published over seventy books and articles, many of which were on bilingual Sino-Mongolian stele inscriptions from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. His largest project was a complete annotated translation of the ''Secret History of the Mongols'', of which only the first volume was ever published. In order to give readers the flavor of the original, Cleaves restricted the vocabulary to words used in Elizabethan English, a decision which made the text hard for some readers to comprehend. In 1984, Paul Kahn published a translation based on Cleaves but using contemporary English.
A deeply committed teacher, Cleaves reluctantly retired in 1980, and continued his scholarship on Mongolian history. Much of his work, including notes on the remaining sections of the ''Secret History'' and manuscripts for dozens of additional articles, remained unpublished at the time of his death in 1995. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Woodman_Cleaves Source Accessed Mar 12, 2021])
For nearly twenty years, Olivia has been immersed in exploring reality, interconnection and meaning.
She has worked with individuals, couples, and groups to cultivate relational capacities and self-understanding. Her work engages a variety of modalities and fields, including Buddhist and Western psychology, neural re-patterning, embodied and experiential therapeutic and relational methods, attachment and differentiation theory, as well as elemental and energetic medicine.
She has also studied philosophy and trained in meditation and yogic practice in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, including retreat and study with meditation masters in Asia, Europe, and the United States.
Olivia spent more than a decade as a four-season farmer of botanical medicine, leafy greens, and flowers. She has formal clinical training and further apprenticeship in several schools of medicine including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic, Cherokee, Western European, and folk medicine. Since 2014 she has formulated and offered a skincare and holistic medicine line.
Olivia is the host of Love and Liberation, interviews in the fields of spirituality, ecology, culture, art and relationship. Through a series of intimate conversations, the podcast shares insight and stories from spiritual practitioners, cultural custodians, and wisdom holders whose attention is focused on cultivating and embodying a mutually beneficial and meaningful world.
Her work has been included in Vogue, Well & Good, Brides, and the New York Times. ([https://oliviaclementine.com/about-olivia/ Source Accessed April 20, 2026]) +
Chokro Lüi Gyaltsen (Tib. ཅོག་རོ་ཀླུའི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་, Wyl. cog ro klu'i rgyal mtshan) — together with the pandita Jinamitra, he translated into Tibetan, texts on Vinaya, as well as important commentaries on the ''Abhidharma-samuccaya''. With the pandita Jñanagarbha he translated Nagarjuna's ''Mulamadhyamaka-karika'' and Bhavaviveka's ''Prajñapradipa''. He also assisted Vimalamitra and Vairotsana in translating many tantras.
Along with Kawa Paltsek, he was sent to India by king Trisong Detsen to invite Vimalamitra to Tibet. He later received the Vima Nyingtik teachings from Vimalamitra in Samyé.
His later incarnations include Karma Lingpa.
([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Chokro_L%C3%BCi_Gyaltsen Source Accessed Oct 1, 2025]) +
Sara Cohen is a translator and is listed as one of the translators of ''The Instructions for the Preliminaries of the Nying Thig - The Oral Instructions of My Lama, Samantabhadra'' by Khenpo Tsultrom Gyamtso (1993). She may be associated with Marpa Translation Committee. However, this remains unclear. +
Alan Cole is the author of a number of books in the field of Religious/Buddhist Studies, including ''Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism'' (Stanford University Press 1998), ''Text as Father: Paternal Seductions in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature'' (University of California Press 2005), ''Fathering Your Father: The Zen of Fabrication in Tang Buddhism'' (University of California Press 2009), ''Fetishizing Tradition: Desire and Reinvention in Buddhist and Christian Narratives'' (SUNY Press, 2015), and, most recently, ''Patriarchs on Paper: A Critical History of Medieval Chan Literature'' (University of California Press, 2016). He was Professor of Religious Studies at Lewis & Clark College from 2006–2012 and Visiting Professor of Philosophy at National University of Singapore from 2013–2014. ([https://independent.academia.edu/ColeAlan/CurriculumVitae Source Accessed Jul 21, 2020]) +
Benjamin is a Belgian national who holds BA and MA degrees in Buddhist Studies with Himalayan Language from Kathmandu University. He has been teaching classical Tibetan at RYI since 2008 and has both managed and taught on several Summer Intensive programs. His research interests include Mahayana Buddhist philosophy, Indian and Tibetan teachings on Buddha nature, and Vajrayana practices. ([https://www.ryi.org/faculty/benjamin-collet-cassart Source Accessed June 2, 2021]) +
Caitlin Collins, when living in Los Angeles in 1979, had the good fortune to see His Holiness the Dalai Lama on his first visit to America. She has been practising the Dharma ever since under the guidance of His Holiness and other wonderful teachers from the four main Tibetan traditions, as well as Theravada and Zen. Cait has been studying with Ringu Tulku Rinpoche since 1996, and started the first Bodhicharya group, Bodhicharya Bosham group in West Sussex, in 1998, under his direction. She now lives in the Exmoor National Park with three horses and a dog, where she looks after Bodhicharya Somerset and tries to live a quiet life of semi-retreat except when enticed out by eco-activism or cream teas. ([https://bodhicharya.org/uk/people/ Source Accessed Jan 7, 2025]) +
Edward Conze (1904-1979) was born in London and educated in Germany. He gained his Ph.D from Cologne University in 1928, and then studied Indian and European comparative philosophy at the Universities of Bonn and Hamburg. From 1933 until 1960 he lectured in psychology, philosophy and comparative religion at London and Oxford Universities. Between 1963 and 1973 he held a number of academic appointments in England, Germany and the USA, and was also a Visiting Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at Lancaster, as well as Vice-President of the Buddhist Society. ([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Edward_Conze Source Accessed Jul 21, 2020]) +
Francis Dojun Cook was born and raised in a very small town in upstate New York in 1930. He was lucky to be an ordinary kid with ordinary parents. By means of true grit and luck, he managed to acquire several academic degrees and learn something about Buddhism. More luck in the form of a Fulbright Fellowship enabled him to study in Kyoto, Japan, for a year and a half, where he would have learned more had he not spent so much time admiring temple gardens. He now teaches Buddhism at the University of California, Riverside, and is director of translations at the Institute for Transcultural Studies in Los Angeles. He remains ordinary, but to his credit it can be said that he raised four good kids, has a great love for animals, and cooks pretty well. A sign that at last he is becoming more intelligent is that he became a student of Maezumi Roshi several years ago, the best thing he ever did. He is also the author of ''Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra'', and of various articles on Buddhism in scholarly journals. ([https://wisdomexperience.org/content-author/francis-dojun-cook/ Source Accessed Mar 18, 2021]) +
David E. Cooper is a British author and philosopher. He was brought up in Surrey and educated at Highgate School and then Oxford University, where he was given his first job in 1967, as a Lecturer in Philosophy. He went on to teach at the universities of Miami, London and Surrey before being appointed, in 1986, as Professor of Philosophy at Durham University – where he remained until retiring in 2008. During his academic career, David was a Visiting Professor at universities in the United States, Canada, Malta, Sri Lanka and South Africa. Cooper is the former Chair (or President) of the Aristotelian Society, the Mind Association, the Friedrich Nietzsche Society, and the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain. He is Secretary and a Trustee of the charity Project Sri Lanka, and he spends time each year visiting and supervising educational and humanitarian projects.
Cooper has published across a broad range of philosophical subjects, including philosophy of language, philosophy of education, ethics, aesthetics, environmental philosophy, animal ethics, philosophy of technology, philosophy of religion, history of both Western philosophy and Asian philosophy, and modern European philosophy, especially Heidegger, Nietzsche, and Wittgenstein. In recent years, Cooper has written widely on environmental and Buddhist aesthetics, music and nature, the relationship of beauty and virtue, cultures of food, the significance of gardens, Daoism, our relationship to animals, and the notion of mystery.
Cooper is the author of a number of books, including ''World Philosophies: An Historical Introduction''; ''Meaning''; ''Existentialism: A Reconstruction''; ''The Measure of Things: Humanism, Humility and Mystery''; ''A Philosophy of Gardens''; ''Convergence with Nature: A Daoist Perspective''; ''Senses of Mystery: Engaging with Nature and the Meaning of Life''; and ''Animals and Misanthropy''. He has also edited a number of collections, including ''Blackwell Companion to Aesthetics''; ''Philosophy: The Classic Readings''; ''Epistemology: The Classic Readings''; ''Ethics: The Classic Readings''; and ''Aesthetics: The Classic Readings'' – the latter four notable for their inclusion of material from the Indian and Chinese traditions. He is joint editor of ''Key Thinkers on the Environment''. Cooper is a regular reviewer of books for magazines, including ''The Times Literary Supplement'' and ''The Los Angeles Review of Books''. He is also the author of three novels, all set in Sri Lanka: ''Street Dog: A Sri Lankan Story'', its sequel, ''Old Stripe'', and ''A Shot on the Beach''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Cooper Source Accessed Mar 12, 2021])
Philippe Cornu (b. 1957) began studying Tibetan at the age of 18 and became a Buddhist in 1978. He was one of the first Rigpa students in France and has studied and practised Tibetan Buddhism with Dudjom Rinpoche, Sogyal Rinpoche, Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche, and other teachers of the Nyingma tradition.
Philippe is an author and translator from Tibetan into French of several books on the Nyingma school and Dzogchen. He has also devoted a large part of his career to teaching and transmitting Buddhist philosophy in French speaking universities such as the French National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO), and at the Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), as well as in different Buddhist centres. He joined Rigpa's new Vision Board in 2019. ([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Cornu Source Accessed June 10, 2021]) +
Christian Coseru is an associate professor of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the College of Charleston. He works in the fields of philosophy of mind, Phenomenology, and cross-cultural philosophy, especially Indian and Buddhist philosophy in dialogue with Western philosophy and cognitive science. He has recently published a book, ''Perceiving Reality: Consciousness, Intentionality, and Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy'' (OUP, 2012) that develops a view of Buddhist epistemology, in the tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti, as continuous with the phenomenological methods and insights of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, as well as with naturalistic approaches to epistemology and philosophy of mind. In 2012 he co-directed (with Jay Garfield and Evan Thompson) an NEH Summer Institute exploring the convergence of analytic, phenomenological, and Buddhist perspectives in the investigation of consciousness. He is currently completing a book manuscript on the intersections between perceptual and affective consciousness, tentatively entitled ''Sense, Self-Awareness, and Subjectivity''.
Before joining the Philosophy Department at the College of Charleston, he taught in the Centre for Asian Societies and Histories at the Australian National University. He received his Ph.D. from the Australian National University in 2005; He also holds a B.A. and M.A. in philosophy from the University of Bucharest. While at ANU, he also worked on a proof of concept model for parsing Sanskrit based on the Interlingua System (the project was funded by an ARC grant). He has and continues to travel extensively for research. He spent four and a half years in India in the mid 1990s pursuing studies in Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy. While in India, he was affiliated with several research institutes, including the Asiatic Society in Calcutta (1995-1996), the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute and De Nobili College in Pune (1993), and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi (1995-1997). He was a visiting scholar at Queens' College, Cambridge University in 2000, and at the Institut de Civilisation Indienne, Paris in 2001. ([https://www.christiancoseru.com/about Adapted from Source Nov 25,, 2024])
