View source for Books/The Resolve to Become a Buddha

{{LibraryItem
|Editorial=No
|TileDescription=A Study of the ''Bodhicitta'' concept in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism by Dorji Wangchuk.
|FullRead=No
|DisableRedirects=No
|TableOfContents=*{{i|'''Preface'''|13}}
*{{i|'''Technical Note'''|19}}

*'''Chapter One: A General Introduction: On Becoming a ''Buddha'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|21}}
**{{i|2. Buddhology|22}}
**{{i|3. Buddhist Soteriology|30}}
***{{i|(a) ''Emic'' and ''Etic'' Perceptions of Buddhism|30}}
***{{i|(b) The Fundamental Features of Buddhist Soteriology|33}}
***{{i|(c) The Mahāyāna Perception of the Quintessence of Buddhist Teachings|35}}
***{{i|(d) Buddhist Soteriological Models and Goals|36}}
***{{i|(e) Two Mahāyāna Soteriological Models of Becoming a ''Buddha''|38}}
**{{i|4. Ontology|41}}
**{{i|5. Buddhist Epistemology and Gnoseology|43}}
**{{i|6. Buddhist Axiology|45}}
***{{i|(a) The Three-Vow Scheme|45}}
***{{i|(b) Comparing and Contrasting the Three Vows|47}}
**{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|56}}

*'''Chapter Two: Previous Studies on ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|57}}
**{{i|2. The Early Western Knowledge of ''Bodhicitta''|58}}
**{{i|3. Monographs on the Study of ''Bodhicitta''|59}}
***{{i|(a) Taishū Tagami (1990)|59}}
***{{i|(b) Francis Brassard (2000)|60}}
**{{i|4. Articles on ''Bodhicitta''|61}}
***{{i|(a) Kumataro Kawada (1965)|61}}
***{{i|(b) Lal Mani Joshi (1971)|62}}
***{{i|(c) S. K. Nanayakkara (1971)|62}}
***{{i|(d) Lobsang Dargay (1981)|63}}
***{{i|(e) Gareth Sparham (1987)|63}}
***{{i|(f) Gareth Sparham (1992)|64}}
**{{i|5. Studies on ''Bodhicitta'' in Specific Canonical Works|65}}
**{{i|6. On Translating the Term ''Bodhicitta''|69}}
**{{i|7. A Study of ''Bodhicitta'': Still a Desideratum|70}}
**{{i|8. Concluding Remarks|71}}

*'''Chapter Three: The Historical and Doctrinal Background of the ''Bodhicitta'' Concept'''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|73}}
**{{i|2. ''Bodhicitta'' as a Means of Compensating for the Loss of the Historical Buddha|74}}
**{{i|3. The Doctrinal Foundations of ''Bodhicitta'' in Early Buddhism|77}}
***{{i|(a) A ''Buddha'' as a Discoverer and Pro claimer of the True Reality|77}}
***{{i|(b) The Plurality of ''Buddhas'' and ''Bodhisattvas'' in Early Buddhism|79}}
***{{i|(c) The Concept of the Resolve Made by Previous ''Buddhas''|80}}
***{{i|(d) The Altruism of the Historical ''Buddha''|82}}
***{{i|(e) Altruism in Early Buddhism|84}}
***{{i|(f) Prerequisites for Becoming a Buddha in Early Buddhism|86}}
***{{i|(g) The 'Golden Rule' in Early Buddhism|87}}
**{{i|4. Concluding Remarks|89}}

*'''Chapter Four: The Buddha's First Resolve to Become a ''Buddha'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|91}}
**{{i|2. The Historical Buddha as One of Many and Yet One of a Kind|92}}
**{{i|3. Three Events Marking the Career of the Buddha|92}}
***{{i|(a) The First Event: The Initial Resolve to Become a ''Buddha''|94}}
****{{i|(i) Attempts to Resolve the Illogicality of Several 'First Times'|98}}
****{{i|(ii) Was the Historical ''Bodhisattva'' 'King-Like' or 'Herdsman-Like'?|99}}
***{{i|(b) The Second Event: Striving to Become a ''Buddha''|100}}
***{{i|(c) The Third Event: The Time and Place of the Buddha's Awakening|102}}
**{{i|4. A Historical Sketch of the Buddha's Initial Resolve to Become a ''Buddha''|104}}
**{{i|5. Concluding Remarks|105}}

*'''Chapter Five: Mahāyāna, ''Bodhisattva'', and ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|107}}
**{{i|2. The Concepts of ''Yāna'' in Buddhism|109}}
***{{i|(a) The Various Models of ''Yāna''|110}}
****{{i|(i) The One-Vehicle Model|111}}
****{{i|(ii) The Two-Vehicle Model|112}}
****{{i|(iii) The Three-Vehicle Model|113}}
****{{i|(iv) The Four-Vehicle Model|115}}
****{{i|(v) The Five-Vehicle Model|116}}
****{{i|(vi) The Nine-Vehicle Model|117}}
****{{i|(vii) The n-Vehicle Model|118}}
****{{i|(viii) The No-Vehicle Model|119}}
***{{i|(b) Which Vehicles Are Buddhist?|120}}
***{{i|(c) Mahāyāna|121}}
****{{i|(i) Dissent on the Origin of Mahāyāna|121}}
****{{i|(ii) The Content of Mahāyāna|122}}
****{{i|(iii) Is Mahāyāna Indispensable? Is Vajrayāna Indispensable?|125}}
**{{i|3. The Concepts of ''Sattva'' and ''Bodhisattva''|126}}
***{{i|(a) No ''Bodhisattvas'' without ''Sattvas''|127}}
***{{i|(b) Faith-oriented and Reason-oriented Sentient Beings|128}}
***{{i|(c) The Term ''Bodhisattva''|129}}
***{{i|(d) Synonyms of ''Bodhisattva''|133}}
***{{i|(e) Types of Bodhisattvas|134}}
****{{i|(i) Historical, Celestial, and Earthly ''Bodhisattvas''|135}}
****{{i|(ii) Human and Non-human ''Bodhisattvas''|136}}
****{{i|(iii) Male and Female ''Bodhisattvas''|137}}
****{{i|(iv) Ordained and Lay ''Bodhisattvas''|139}}
****{{i|(v) ''Bodhisattvas'' with Different Backgrounds|139}}
***{{i|(f) The ''Śrāvaka-Bodhisattva'' Distinction|140}}
***{{i|(g) The Concept of ''Vajrasattva''|142}}
**{{i|4. The Term ''Bodhicitta'' and Its Definition|144}}
***{{i|(a) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā''|144}}
***{{i|(b) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Drumakinnararājaparipṛcchāsūtra''|145}}
***{{i|(c) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|148}}
***{{i|(d) The Relative Chronology of the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā'' and the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|148}}
***{{i|(e) The Terms ''Cittotpāda'', ''Bodhicitta'', and ''Bodhicittotpāda''|149}}
***{{i|(f) Some Definitions of ''Bodhicitta'' or ''Cittotpada''|151}}
***{{i|(g) How Indispensable Is ''Bodhicitta'' for a ''Bodhisattva''?|154}}
***{{i|(h) Benefits and Functions of ''Bodhicitta|160}}
**{{i|5. Concluding Remarks|166}}

*'''Chapter Six: The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions'''

**{{i|I. Introductory Remarks|169}}
**{{i|2. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|170}}
**{{i|3. Tibetan Assessments of the Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|172}}
**{{i|4. The Names of the Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|173}}
**{{i|5. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: The Basis of the Distinctions|175}}
**{{i|6. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: Personal Authorities|175}}
**{{i|7. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: Scriptural Authorities|176}}
**{{i|8. The Historical Background of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|177}}
**{{i|9. What Is Actually Generated by the Ritual?|180}}
**{{i|10. The Optionality of an Officiant in the Two Traditions|181}}
**{{i|11. Qualifications for Officiants in the Two Traditions|182}}
**{{i|12. The Eligibility of Candidates in the Two Traditions|183}}
**{{i|13. The Preparatory Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|186}}
**{{i|14. The Main Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|187}}
**{{i|15. The Concluding Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|188}}
**{{i|16. Observances and Offences in the Two Traditions|188}}
***{{i|(a) The Cardinal Transgressions in the Mañjuśrī-Nāgārjuna Tradition|189}}
***{{i|(b) The Cardinal Transgressions in the Maitreya-Asaṅga Tradition|191}}
***{{i|(c) The Minor Offences in the Two Traditions|192}}
**{{i|17. Reestablishing a Broken Vow in the Two Traditions|193}}
**{{i|18. Concluding Remarks|194}}

*'''Chapter Seven: A Typology of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|195}}
**{{i|2. An Overview of the Five Types of ''Bodhicitta''|196}}
**{{i|3. Ethico-Spiritual ''Bodhicitta''|197}}
**{{i|4. Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|198}}
***{{i|(a) What Gnoseologicai ''Bodhicitta'' Is|198}}
***{{i|(b) Some Synonyms of Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|198}}
***{{i|(c) Some Salient Features of Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|199}}
***{{i|(d) Who Possesses Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''?|201}}
***{{i|(e) Gnosis as Abiding in the Body|202}}
***{{i|(f) The Three Modes of Emergence Open to Gnosis|204}}
**{{i|5. Ontological Bodhicitta|205}}
***{{i|(a) The Conception of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|206}}
***{{i|(b) An Outcome of a Philosophical Quest?|211}}
***{{i|(c) Synonyms and Near Synonyms of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|214}}
***{{i|(d) Two Distinct Perceptions of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|216}}
***{{i|(e) Some Salient Features of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|217}}
**{{i|6. Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|217}}
***{{i|(a) What is Psycho-Physiological Bodhicitta?|218}}
***{{i|(b) Some Salient Features of Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|220}}
***{{i|(c) Probable Motives for the Conception of Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|220}}
***{{i|(d) The Problems of Physicality and Sexuality in Buddhism|221}}
***{{i|(e) Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta'' in Yogic Practices|223}}
**{{i|7. Semeiological ''Bodhicitta''|225}}
***{{i|(a) General Features of ''Bodhicitta'' Symbolism|225}}
***{{i|(b) Putting Symbolism in a Buddhist Philosophical Context|226}}
***{{i|(c) Three Kinds of Semeiological ''Bodhicitta'': Visual, Verbal, and Visional|227}}
***{{i|(d) Vajrayāna Symbolism and Literalism|231}}
**{{i|8. A Concluding Assessment of the Five Types of ''Bodhicitta''|232}}

*'''Chapter Eight: Traditional Classifications of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|235}}
**{{i|2. ''Bodhicitta'' as a Fusion of ''Śūnyatā/Prajñā'' and ''Karuṇā/Upāya''|235}}
***{{i|(a) The Term ''Śūnyatākaruṇāgarbha''|236}}
***{{i|(b) The Term ''Śūnyatākaruṇābhinna''|238}}
***{{i|(c) The Importance of ''Upāya'' and ''Prajñā''|239}}
***{{i|(d) Tension between the Two Poles of Emptiness and Compassion|243}}
***{{i|(e) Union of Emptiness and Compassion: A Tibetan Controversy|245}}
***{{i|(f) Three Positions on the Fusion of ''Śūnyatā/Prajñā'' and ''Karuṇā/Upāya''|245}}
**{{i|3. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into ''Praṇidhicitta'' and ''Prasthānacitta''|246}}
***{{i|(a) The ''Locus Classicus'' of the Classification|246}}
***{{i|(b) The Possible Historical Development of the Subclassification|248}}
***{{i|(c) The Pervasiveness of the Classification|248}}
***{{i|(d) Distinctions, Interpretations, and Controversies|249}}
**{{i|4. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into Conventional and Absolute|251}}
***{{i|(a) Two Strands of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|252}}
***{{i|(b) Textual Sources of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|253}}
***{{i|(c) The Relative Chronology of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|255}}
***{{i|(d) Two Different Perceptions of Conventional and Absolute ''Bodhicitta''|256}}
***{{i|(e) Can Absolute ''Bodhicitta'' be Generated Ritually? A Tibetan Controversy|258}}
**{{i|5. Leading to the Goal and Not Leading to the Goal|261}}
**{{i|6. A Stable One and an Unstable One|262}}
**{{i|7. Twofold Classifications of ''Cittotpāda'' in the ''Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī''|263}}
***{{i|(a) ''Samādānasāṃketika'' and ''Dharmatāpratilambhika''|263}}
***{{i|(b) The One That Is Uncertain and the One That Is Certain|264}}
***{{i|(c) The One That Is Impure and the One That Is Pure|264}}
***{{i|(d) The One That Is Weak and the One That Is Strong|265}}
***{{i|(e) The One That Has Yielded the Ultimate Result and the One That Has Not yet|265}}
**{{i|8. Undistinguished and Distinguished ''Cittotpāda''|266}}
**{{i|9. The One Characterised by ''Karuṇā'' and the One Characterised by ''Prajñā''|266}}
**{{i|10. Ongoing and Non-Ongoing ''Cittotpāda''|267}}
**{{i|11. A Threefold Classification: King-like, Boatman-like, and Herdsman-like|267}}
***{{i|(a) Some Indian Precursors of the Classification|268}}
***{{i|(b) Assessments by Some Tibetan Scholars|269}}
**{{i|12. A Fourfold Classification|271}}
**{{i|13. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into Ten Types|273}}
**{{i|14. Twenty-Two Kinds of ''Cittotpāda''|273}}
***{{i|(a) Sources of the Twenty-Two Kinds of ''Cittotpāda''|273}}
***{{i|(b) A Historical Sketch|274}}
**{{i|15. Concluding Remarks|275}}

*'''Chapter Nine: Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|277}}
**{{i|2. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Sūtra'' Sources|277}}
**{{i|3. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|279}}
**{{i|4. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra''|283}}
**{{i|5. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' as Discussed Elsewhere|284}}
**{{i|6. Compassion as the Root Cause of ''Bodhicitta''|285}}
**{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|289}}

*'''Chapter Ten: The Mahāyāna Observances and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|291}}
**{{i|2. The Model of the Four Cardinal Transgressions (''mūlāpatti'')|292}}
**{{i|3. Pledges and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Kriyātantras''|295}}
***{{i|(a) The ''Vairocanābhisaṃbodhitantra''|296}}
***{{i|(b) The ''Guhyatantra''|298}}
***{{i|(c) The ''Susiddhikaratantra''|300}}
***{{i|(d) The ''Subāhuparipṛcchātantra''|303}}
**{{i|4. Pledges and Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Yogatantras''|305}}
***{{i|(a) The ''Durgatipariśodhanatantra''|305}}
***{{i|(b) The ''Vajraśikharatantra''|307}}
***{{i|(c) The ''Śrīparamādyatantra''|310}}
***{{i|(d) The ''Tattvasaṃgrahasūtra''|312}}
**{{i|5. Pledges and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Mahāyoga'' System|313}}
***{{i|(a) The ''Buddhasamāyogatantra''|319}}
***{{i|(b) The ''Kṛṣṇayamāritantra'' and ''Guhyasamājābhiṣekavidhi''|320}}
***{{i|(c) The ''Guhyendutilakatantra''|328}}
***{{i|(d) The *''Guhyagarbhatantra''|329}}
***{{i|(e) Padmasambhava's Categories of Pledges|329}}
**{{i|6. All Mahāyāna Precepts Relating to the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta''|330}}
**{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|331}}

*'''Chapter Eleven: The Relapse and Restoration of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

**{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|333}}
**{{i|2. Impairment to or Loss of ''Bodhicitta''|334}}
**{{i|3. Causes of the Partial or Total Breach of Vows|337}}
**{{i|4. Causes of Impairment to or Loss of ''Bodhicitta''|338}}
**{{i|5. The Abandonment of ''Bodhicitta'' as the Severest Transgression|346}}
**{{i|6. The Types of Setbacks|348}}
**{{i|7. The Restorability of ''Bodhicitta''|351}}
**{{i|8. Retaking and Restoring ''Bodhicitta''|352}}
**{{i|9. The Four Strengths|355}}
**{{i|10. Concluding Remarks|356}}

*'''Appendix A: A Critical Edition of the Sanskrit Text of ''Bodhisattvabhūmi'' 1.2'''

**{{i|1. Introduction|357}}
***{{i|(a) Extant Manuscripts, Critical Editions, and Other Related Studies on the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|357}}
***{{i|(b) A Brief Description of the Extant Manuscripts and Editions|362}}
***{{i|c) Some Observations as to the Stemmatic Relation of the MSS|365}}
***{{i|(d) Method and Abbreviations Employed in the Critical Edition of the Sanskrit Text|366}}
**{{i|2. The Text|368}}

*'''Appendix B: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan Text of ''Bodhisattvabhūmi'' 1.2'''

**{{i|1. Introduction|379}}
**{{i|2. The Text|382}}

*'''Abbreviations and Bibliography'''

**{{i|1. Journals, Collections, Reference Books, Series, and Other Abbreviations|391}}
**{{i|2. Indian Sources|393}}
**{{i|3. Tibetan Sources|404}}
**{{i|4. Secondary Sources|411}}
*{{i|'''Index'''|431}}
|CheckQuotes=No
|TermTopics=The Concept of Bodhicitta
|TextTopics=Yogācārabhūmaubodhisattvabhūmiḥ
|Theme=The Path of the Bodhisattva; Śāntideva's Life and Works; The Practices of the Bodhisattva
|SubTheme=Bodhicitta; Śāntideva's Life and Cultural World; The Bodhisattva Vow
|Approach=Academic
|Audience=Intermediate; Advanced
}}